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The Mil Mi-28 (NATO reporting name ‘Havoc’) is a Russian all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter. It is a dedicated attack helicopter with no intended secondary transport capability, better optimized than the Mil Mi-24 for the role. It carries a single gun in an undernose barbette, plus external loads carried on pylons beneath stub wings.
| Mi-28 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mil Mi-28N in flight | |
| Role | Attack helicopter |
| National origin | Soviet Union/Russia |
| Manufacturer | Mil |
| First flight | 10 November 1982[1] |
| Introduction | 15 October 2009 (Mi-28N)[2] |
| Status | In service[3] |
| Primary users | Russian Air Force Kenya Air Force |
| Produced | 1982–present |
| Number built | 126[4] |
| Unit cost | US$15–16 million (2002) |
Development
Origins
In 1972, following completion of the Mil Mi-24, development began on a unique attack helicopter with transport capability. The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and omitted the cabin, to provide better overall performance and higher top speed. Improved performance was important for its intended role fighting against tanks and enemy helicopters and covering helicopter landing operations. Initially, many different designs were considered, including an unconventional project with two main rotors, placed with engines on tips of wings (in perpendicular layout), and with an additional pusher propeller on the tail. In 1977, a preliminary design was chosen, in a classic single-rotor layout. It lost its similarity to the Mi-24, and even the canopies were smaller, with flat surfaces.
Design work on the Mi-28 began under Marat Tishchenko in 1980.[5] In 1981, a design and a mock-up were accepted. The prototype (no. 012) was first flown on 10 November 1982.[5] The second prototype (no. 022) was completed in 1983. In 1984, the Mi-28 completed the first stage of state trials, but in October 1984 the Soviet Air Force chose the more advanced Kamov Ka-50 as the new anti-tank helicopter. The Mi-28 development was continued, but given lower priority. In December 1987 Mi-28 production in Rosvertol in Rostov on Don was approved.
A Mil Mi-28N on display
In January 1988 the first Mi-28A prototype (no. 032) flew. It was fitted with more powerful engines and an “X” type tail rotor instead of the three-blade version. The Mi-28A debuted at the Paris Air Show in June 1989. In 1991 the second Mi-28A (no. 042) was completed. The Mi-28A program was cancelled in 1993 because it was deemed uncompetitive with the Ka-50, and in particular, it was not all-weather capable.
Mil Mi-28 nose sensors
The Mi-28N was unveiled in 1995, the N designation meaning “night”. The prototype (no. 014) first flew on 14 November 1996. The most significant feature is a radar in a round cover above the main rotor, similar to that of the American AH-64D Apache Longbow. Mi-28N also has improved Tor vision and an aiming device under the nose, including a TV camera and FLIR. Due to funding problems, development was interrupted. A second prototype with an improved rotor design was unveiled in March 2004 at Rosvertol.
Changes in the military situation after the Cold War made specialized anti-tank helicopters less useful. The advantages of the Mi-28N, like all-weather action ability, lower cost, and similarity to the Mi-24, have become important. In 2003, the head of Russian Air Forces stated that the Mi-28N and Ka-50 attack helicopters will become the standard Russian attack helicopter.[6]
Mil Mi-28 gun mounting
The first serial Mi-28N was delivered to the Army on 5 June 2006.[7][8] By 2015, 67 Mi-28Ns are planned to be purchased, when the Mi-24 is to be completely replaced.[8][9]
Mil also developed an export variant of the Mi-28N, designated Mi-28NE, and a simpler day helicopter variant, the Mi-28D, based on the Mi-28N design, but without radar and FLIR.
Mi-40
 | This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) |
The Mil Mi-40 was a projected utility version of the Mi-28, first initiated in 1983, announced in 1992 and shown at the Moscow Airshow in 1993. It was primarily intended for the “Aerial Infantry Fighting Vehicle” category as a successor to the Mil Mi-24 and Mi-8 assault helicopters.
It was planned to use two 1,863 kW Klimov TV3-117 turboshaft engines, four-blade main rotor, four-blade Delta H tail rotor (both from the Mi-28), and retractable tricycle-type landing gear. It was expected to weigh 11-12,000 kg and estimated to attain a 3300 m ceiling, a 314 km/h maximum speed and a 260 km/h cruise speed.
Specifications required the functioning in day, night and poor weather as well as carrying eight soldiers (the design achieved seven in practice), eight stretchers or large external loads. An emphasis was placed on survivability with a focus on redundancy, IR suppression and special shock absorbers for the crew to increase the maximum “safe” crash velocity.
The design incorporated a 23 mm cannon (most likely GSh-23L) for defense in the forward hemisphere and a 12.7 mm machine gun (most likely Yak-B) for defense in the rear. Fuselage fairings containing fuel would replace stub wings with missiles mounted above on special hardpoints.
Its design borrowed much from the Mil Mi-36 developed over the previous two years, and would itself be replaced after a year by the Mil Mi-42 project. Although the Mi-40 design would be resurrected for a short period in the 1990s, with optimization studies being completed, it did not reach the prototype stage.
Mi-28NM
Russia will develop and test a prototype Mi-28 with 5th generation attack helicopter features by 2017. Called the Mi-28NM, it has been in development since 2008. Specific characteristics are not known, by may include a low radar signature, extended range, advanced weapons control systems, air-to-air engagement capability, and increased top speed of 600 km/h (370 mph).[10]
Design
The Mi-28 is a new-generation attack helicopter that functions as an air-to-air and air-to-ground partner for the Mi-24 Hind and Ka-50 Hokum. The five-blade main rotor is mounted above the body midsection, and short, wide, tapered, weapon-carrying wings are mounted to the rear of body midsection. Two turboshaft engines in pods are mounted alongside the top of the fuselage with downturned exhausts. The fuselage is slender and tapers to the tail boom and nose. It features a tandem, stepped-up cockpits and a cannon mounted beneath the belly, with non-retractable tricycle tail-wheel type landing gear. This energy-absorbing landing gear and seats protect the crew in a crash landing or in a low-altitude vertical fall. The crew is able to survive a vertical fall of up to 12m/s. The Mi-28 has a fully armoured cabin, including the windshield, which withstands impact by 7.62 and 12.7mm bullets and 20mm shell fragments.[11]
The helicopter design is based on the conventional pod and boom configuration, with a tail rotor. The main rotor head has elastomeric bearings and the main rotor blades are made from composite materials. The tail rotor is designed on a biplane configuration, with independently controlled X-shaped blades. A new design of all plastic rotor blades, which can sustain hits from 30mm shells, has been installed on the Night Havoc Mi-28N helicopter.
“Havoc” is equipped with two heavily armored cockpits, a windshield able to withstand hits from 12.7–14.5 mm caliber bullets, in nose electronics, and a narrow-X tail rotor (55 deg), with reduced noise characteristics. It is powered by two 2,200 hp Isotov TV-3-117VM (t/n 014) turboshaft engines.
While the Mi-28 is not intended for use as a transport, it does have a small passenger compartment capable of carrying three people. The planned purpose of this is to enable the rescue of downed helicopter crews.
The Mi-28N features a helmet mounted display for the pilot. The pilot would designate targets for the Navigator/Weapons Officer, who proceeds to fire the weapons required to fulfill that particular task.The integrated surveillance and fire control system has two optical channels providing wide and narrow fields of view, a narrow-field-of-view optical television channel, and laser rangefinder. The system can move within 110 degrees in azimuth and from +13 to -40 degrees in elevation.[11]
The Night Havoc helicopter retains most of the structural design of the Mi-28. The main difference is the installation of an integrated electronic combat system. Other modifications include: new main gearbox for transmitting higher power to the rotor; new high-efficiency blades with swept-shaped tips; and an engine fuel injection control.[11]
The important dignity of Mi-28 – is its high combat survival. The pilot uses a helmet-mounted target designator, which allocates the target to the navigator’s surveillance and fire control system. The navigator/weapons officer is then able to deploy guided weapons or guns against the target. The targeting system follows the direction of the pilot’s eyes.[11]
The experts consider, that on combat efficiency Mi-28 exceeds foreign combat helicopters, including wide known American AH-64 “Apache”.[11]
Armament
The Mi-28 is equipped with a chin-mounted 30 mm Shipunov 2A42 autocannon. The cannon is select fire, and has a dual-feed, which allows for a cyclic rate of fire between 200 rounds per minute to 550 rounds per minute. Its effective range varies from 1500 meters for ground vehicles to 2,500 meters for air targets. Rounds from High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) to Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (APDS) can be used. Stated penetration for the 3UBR8 is 25 mm of RHA at 1,500 meters.
One common Mi-28 armament are a pair of 8 Ataka missile racks along with 2 B-13L rocket pods, each able to carry 5 S-13 rockets. Other rocket options include two B-8 rocket pods, each able to carry up to 20 S-8 rockets.
There are four variants of the Ataka missile for different tasks. The 9M120 Tandem High Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) warhead variant is used against tanks fitted with Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA), its penetrative ability is stated at 800 mm Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA).[12] The 9M120F Thermobaric variant is used against infantry, buildings, bunkers, and caves. The 9M120O expanding rod warhead variant is used against other helicopters. All the variants have a range of 6 km. The 9M120M improved version has a longer range (8 km) and better penetration (900 mm of RHA).[13] All of the variants use SACLOS missile guidance.
The S-8 and S-13 rockets used by the Mi-28 are usually unguided. In the most common configuration, one can expect 40 S-8 rockets or 10 S-13 rockets. Both rockets have their variants, from HEAT warheads to a Thermobaric warhead. The S-8 has a shorter range and smaller warhead than the S-13, but compensates with numbers. Currently, the Russian Air Force are upgrading their S-8 and S-13 rockets to laser guided[14] missiles with the proposed Ugroza (“Menace”) system. Rockets upgraded under Ugroza would receive designations S-8Kor and S-13Kor, respectively.
Operational history
Russia
The Russian Army received the first Mi-28 prototypes for testing in 2004.[1] It received the first serial production Mi-28N in 2006,[7][8] which then joined two prototype helicopters for army trials. The aircraft entered service in 2006.[15] It has entered service under the name of “Night Hunter” (Russian: Ночной охотник).[citation needed] A squadron of Mi-28Ns from Torzhok took part in a joint army exercise in Belarus in June 2006.[citation needed]
The Russian Air Force had 24 Mi-28s in service in February 2011.[16] On 15 February 2011, a Mi-28 crashed in the southern Russian region of Stavropol. One of the pilots later died in the hospital.[17][18]
The Russian Defense Ministry will procure up to 60 Mi-28UB training versions by 2020. The version will speed up and improve pilot training. Four to six Mi-28UBs will be purchased for every unit that operates the Mi-28N. The Mi-28N is to replace the Mi-24 Hind in the Russian Armed Forces by 2015.[19]
Kenya
In late 2011, Kenya began the process of acquiring 16 Mi-28 ground attack helicopters for its Embakasi based 50th Air Cavalry Division. The attack helicopters were acquired, after senior military officers made several visits to Russia. The helicopter gunships were delivered to the 50th Air Calvary Division in Kenya on 3 January 2012, from the Russian state owned corporation Rosoboronexport, which is an intermediary for all imports and exports of military related hardware.[20]
Iraq
In October 2012, it was reported that Russia and Iraq may sign a $4.2–$5.0 billion weapons contract, including 30 Mi-28N helicopters.[21] The deal was confirmed on 9 October.[22] The deal was reportedly cancelled due to Iraqi concerns of corruption,[23] but that concern was addressed, and the Iraqi defense minister stated that “the deal is going ahead.”[24][25] Despite early complications, all parts of the $4.2 billion contracts were signed, and are being executed. The first contract for 10 Mi-28NE helicopters for Iraq will begin delivery in September 2013.[26] A batch of 13 Mi-28NE helicopters was delivered in January 2014.[27]
India
The Indian Military asked for a modified prototype of Mi-28 fitted with French and Belgian avionics. Russian manufacturers were discussing how to meet these requirements.[28] In late October 2011, it was reported that the American AH-64D had emerged as the front-runner ahead of the Mi-28N to fill a requirement for 22 attack helicopters.[29][30]
Algeria
In June 2010, Algeria was expected to place an order for 42 Mi-28NE helicopters.[31]
Venezuela
In April 2010, Venezuela agreed to order 10 Mi-28s for the Venezuelan Army.[32] But the contract may not have been signed.[citation needed]
Variants
Mil Mi-28 weapons load
- Early Mi-28 mockups
- First, an early production Mi-24 (probably Hind-A with wings removed) was fitted with an air data boom as an early test for the Mi-28′s technologies. Later, a few Mi-24Ds were fitted up with the Mi-28′s radome mount for testing the sighting-flight-navigational complex’s abilities, and others had redesigned fuselages that closely resemble the future Mi-28, but with rounded cockpits.[33]
- Mi-28
- Prototype version; first flight in 1982.
- Mi-28A
- Original production anti-tank helicopter. Development done in 1998, first flight in 2003.
- Mi-28N/MMW Havoc
- All weather day-night version. Equipped with a top-mounted millimeter-wave radar station, IR-TV, and a laser range finder. Powered by two Russian Klimov TV3-117VMA-SB3 engines (2,500 hp each), produced by the Ukrainian Motor-Sich. Max take off weight 11,500 kg, max payload 2,350 kg.
- Mi-28D
- simplified daylight operation version. Similar to Mi-28N, but without top-mounted radar and FLIR.
- Mi-28NAe
- export version offered to North Korea.[34]
- Mi-40
- Proposed armed transport version. Never reached prototype stage.
- Mi-28UB
- (Učebno-Bojevoj – training-and-combat) version, designed for training for Mi-28N. Has dual hydromechanical flight controls that can be operated from tandem cockpits, a more spacious lower cockpit to house a flight instructor, a wider pilot canopy, and new energy-absorbing crew seats. Serves as a trainer but can perform attack helicopter tasks.[35]
Operators
Kenya
- Kenya Air Force 16 Mi-28[20][36]
Iraq
- Iraqi Air Force 23/30 Mi-28NE[37][38]
Russia
- Russian Air Force[38]
Specifications (Mi-28N)
Data from Jane’s,[1] RIA Novosti,[39] Russian Helicopters, JSC[40]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1 pilot (rear), 1 navigator/weapons operator (front)
- Length: 17.91 m (58 ft 9 in)
- Rotor diameter: 17.20 m (56 ft 5 in)
- Height: 3.82 m (12.5 ft (150 in))
- Disc area: 232.35 m² (2,501 ft²)
- Empty weight: 7,890 kg (17,400 lb)
- Loaded weight: 10,500 kg (23,150 lb)
- Max. takeoff weight: 11,700 kg (25,800 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × Klimov TV3-117/VK-2500[41] turboshaft, 1,636 kW /1,985 kW[42] (2,194 shp / 2,700 shp) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: 324 km/h (175 knots, 201 mph)
- Cruise speed: 265 km/h (145 knots, 168 mph)
- Range: 435 km (234 nmi, 270 mi)
- Combat radius: 200 km (108 nmi, 124 mi) ; with 10 min loiter and 5% reserves
- Ferry range: 1,105 km (595 nmi, 685 mi)
- Service ceiling: 4,950 m (16,250 ft)
- Rate of climb: 13.6 m/s (816 m/min,[39] 2,677 ft/min)
- Hovering ceiling: 3,600 m (11,811 ft)
Armament
- Guns: 1× chin-mounted 30 mm Shipunov 2A42 cannon with 250 rounds (±110° horizontal fire)
- Hardpoints: Two pylons under each stub wing to mount bombs, rockets, missiles, and gun pods. Main armament configurations include:
- 16 Ataka-V anti-tank missiles and 40 S-8 rockets, Or
- 16 Ataka-V anti-tank missiles, and 10 S-13 rocket, Or
- 16 Ataka-V anti-tank missiles, and two 23 mm Gsh-23L gun pods with 250 rounds each.
- Other ordnance: 9K118 Sheksna and 9A-2200 anti-tank missiles, 8 Igla-V and Vympel R-73 air-to-air missiles, 2 KMGU-2 mine dispensers
| Mi-28 | |
 | |
| Dane podstawowe | |
| Państwo |  Rosja |
| Producent | Zakłady Lotnicze Rostvertol |
| Konstruktor | Biuro konstrukcyjne Michaiła Mila, |
| Typ | Śmigłowiec |
| Załoga | 2 |
| Historia | |
| Data oblotu | 10 listopada 1982 |
| Lata produkcji | 1987 – ?? |
| Dane techniczne | |
| Napęd | 2 x silnik Klimow TV3-117VMA |
| Moc | 2 x 1450 kW |
| Wymiary | |
| Średnica wirnika | 17,2 m |
| Długość kadłuba | 17,01 m |
| Wysokość | 3,82 m |
| Masa | |
| Własna | 7890 kg |
| Użyteczna | 10400 kg |
| Startowa | 12100 kg |
| Osiągi | |
| Prędkość maks. | 305 km/h |
| Zasięg | 460 km |
| Dane operacyjne | |
| Użytkownicy | |
| Wojenno-Wozdusznyje Siły Rossii (WWS) | |
| Rzuty | |
 | |
Mi-28 (ros. Ми-28) (oznaczenie NATO Havoc) – dwumiejscowy śmigłowiec szturmowy w układzie tandem (piloci siedzą jeden za drugim). Powstał jako odpowiednik amerykańskiego śmigłowca Apache, głównym jego przeznaczeniem jest niszczenie czołgów.
Historia
Prototyp Mi-28 wykonał pierwszy lot w 1982. W 1984 lotnictwo Związku Radzieckiego na podstawowy śmigłowiec przeciwpancerny wybrało konkurencyjną konstrukcję Kamowa Ka-50. Prace nad Mi-28 kontynuowano, jednak ich natężenie wyraźnie osłabło. W 1988 podjęto decyzję o rozpoczęciu produkcji w zakładach Rosvertol w Rostowie nad Donem. W styczniu 1988 pierwszy lot wykonał prototyp wersji Mi-28A. Otrzymał on mocniejsze silniki i tylne śmigło w układzie „X”. W 1993 po wyprodukowaniu drugiego prototypu program Mi-28A został anulowany. Główna przyczyną był brak możliwości działania w nocy a także konkurencja ze strony Ka-50. Kolejny wariant śmigłowca Mi-28N wykonał swój pierwszy lot w listopadzie 1996. Główną różnicą w stosunku do poprzedników był radar umieszczony w owalnej obudowie umieszczonej powyżej wirnika głównego. Jest to rozwiązanie podobne do zastosowanego w amerykańskim AH-64D. Dzięki zmianom śmigłowiec uzyskał możliwość operowania w każdych warunkach pogodowych i w nocy. Ponieważ specyfikacja zimnowojenna zakładająca specjalizacje śmigłowca w zwalczaniu broni pancernej uległa zmianie na rzecz śmigłowca mogącego zwalczać szerszy wachlarz celów, śmigłowiec Ka-50 utracił wszystkie swoje atuty. W 2003 dowódca Rosyjskich Sił Powietrznych ogłosił że Mi-28N stanie się podstawowym uderzeniowym śmigłowcem Rosji. Pierwsze śmigłowce weszły do służby w 2009 r. W 2008 roku Wenezuela zamówiła 10 sztuk wersji Mi-28N.
Konstrukcja
Jest to śmigłowiec projektowany jako następca Mi-24 i oparty na jego konstrukcji. W porównaniu z poprzednikiem miał charakteryzować się większą zwrotnością, głównie po to, aby mógł być równorzędnym odpowiednikiem nowoczesnych śmigłowców bojowych, takich jak np. AH-64. Aby to osiągnąć praktycznie zrezygnowano z przedziału pasażerskiego. Zostawiono tylko drobny przedział dla 2,3 osób z tyłu maszyny, do którego wchodzi się przez drzwiczki z lewej strony kadłuba. Pomieszczenie jest małe, nieklimatyzowane i pozbawione okien oraz wentylacji. Jest przeznaczone do sytuacji awaryjnych np. do ewakuacji załogi zestrzelonego śmigłowca czy samolotu. Przedział bojowy jest zbudowany w układzie tandem tzn. siedzenie strzelca znajduje się pod miejscem dla pilota. Kabina jest klimatyzowana oraz hermetyczna. Dołożono wszelkich starań by zapewnić pilotom i ważnym podzespołom maszyny bezpieczeństwo. Szyby przedziału pilotów są wykonane ze szkła pancernego, wytrzymującego ostrzał z broni o kalibrze równym lub mniejszym niż 12,7 mm oraz uderzenia odłamków rakiet kierowanych. Dodatkowo elementy nieprzeźroczyste wykonano z pancerza tytanowego, ceramicznego. Śmigłowiec został skonstruowany tak, że kluczowe elementy struktury osłonięte są mniej ważnymi. Najważniejsze elementy są podwojone (oba zestawy są wyraźnie rozdzielone). Np. pojedyncze trafienie nie niszczy obu silników. Pośrodku kadłuba znajdują się liczne zbiorniki paliwowe z tworzywa samouszczelniającego się, otoczone powłoką kompozytową oraz zewnętrzną powłoką metalową; trafienie zbiornika paliwa kulą lub pociskiem z działka nie powoduje wybuchu, pożaru ani wycieku paliwa.
มิล เอ็มไอ-28
| |
| บทบาท | เฮลิคอปเตอร์จู่โจม |
|---|---|
| สัญชาติ | รัสเซีย |
| บินครั้งแรก | มกราคม พ.ศ. 2521 |
| เริ่มใช้ | พ.ศ. 2539 (รัสเซีย) |
| สถานะ | อยู่ในการส่งให้ผู้รับ |
| ผู้ใช้งานหลัก | กองทัพอากาศรัสเซีย กองทัพอากาศเวเนซุเอลา |
| มูลค่า | 12 ล้านยูโร[1] |
| พัฒนามาจาก | มิล เอ็มไอ-24 |
มิล เอ็มไอ-28 (อังกฤษ: Mil Mi-28 Havoc) (นาโต้ใช้ชื่อรหัสว่าฮาวอก) เป็นเฮลิคอปเตอร์จู่โจมต่อต้านยานเกราะ ทุกสภาพอากาศ กลางวันและกลางคืน สองที่นั่งเรียงเดี่ยวของรัสเซีย มันเป็นเฮลิคอปเตอร์จู่โจมที่ไม่มีความสามารถรองในการขนส่ง มันเหนือกว่ามิล เอ็มไอ-24 ในด้านการต่อต้านยานรถถัง มันมีปืนที่ใต้จมูกพร้อมกับอาวุธอีกมากที่ปีกทั้งสองข้างของมัน
รายละเอียดของเอ็มไอ-28
- ยาว 17.01
- สูง 4.70
- เส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางใบพัดหลัก 17.20
- พื้นที่ใบพัดหลัก 232.35 ตารางเมตร
- น้ำหนักเปล่า 8,095 กิโลกรัม
- น้ำหนักสูงสุด 11,660 กิโลกรัม
- เครื่องยนต์ 2 เครื่องยนต์ คลิมอฟ ทีวี3-117วีเอ็ม ให้กำลังรวม 4,140 แรงม้า
- เพดานบินใช้งาน 5,800 เมตร
- ความเร็วสูงสุด 300 กิโลเมตร/ชั่วโมง
- รัศมีทำการ 200 กิโลเมตร
- อาวุธ ปืนใหญ่ขนาด 30 มม.
Mil Mi-28
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