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Tiger I About this sound listen (help·info) is the common name of a German heavy tank developed in 1942 and used in World War II. The final official German designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf.E, often shortened to Tiger. It was an answer to the unexpectedly impressive Soviet armour encountered in the initial months of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, particularly the T-34 and the KV-1. The Tiger I gave the Wehrmacht its first tank mounting the 88 mm gun, in its first armoured fighting vehicle-dedicated version, the (KwK 36). During the course of the war, the Tiger I saw combat on all German battlefronts. It was usually deployed in independent tank battalions, which proved to be quite formidable.
While the Tiger I was feared by many of its opponents, it was over-engineered, using expensive materials and labour intensive production methods. Only 1,347 were built between August 1942 and August 1944. The Tiger was prone to certain types of track failures and immobilizations, and limited in range by its high fuel consumption. It was, however, generally mechanically reliable, but expensive to maintain. It was also difficult to transport, and vulnerable to immobilization when mud, ice and snow froze between its overlapping and interleaved road wheels in winter weather conditions, often jamming them solid. In 1944, production was phased out in favour of the Tiger II.
The tank was given its nickname “Tiger” by Ferdinand Porsche, and the Roman numeral was added after the later Tiger II entered production. The initial official German designation was Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf眉hrung H (‘Panzer VI version H’, abbreviated PzKpfw VI Ausf. H), with ordnance inventory designation SdKfz 182, but the tank was redesignated as PzKpfw VI Ausf. E in March 1943, with ordnance inventory designation SdKfz 181.
Today, only a handful of Tigers survive in museums and exhibitions worldwide. The Bovington Tank Museum’s Tiger 131 is currently the only one restored to running order.
| Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E | |
|---|---|
Tiger I in northern France, March 1944 | |
| Type | Heavy tank |
| Place of origin | Nazi Germany |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1942–1945 |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Henschel & Son |
| Designed | 1941 |
| Manufacturer | Henschel |
| Unit cost | 250,800 RM [1] |
| Produced | 1942–1944 |
| Number built | 1,347[Notes 1] |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 56.9 tonnes (62.7 short tons) |
| Length | 6.316 m (20 ft 8.7 in) 8.45 m (27 ft 9 in) (gun forward) |
| Width | 3.70 m (12 ft 2 in) |
| Height | 3.0 m (9 ft 10 in) |
| Crew | 5 |
| Armour | 25–120 mm (0.98–4.72 in)[3][4] |
Main armament | 1× 8.8 cm KwK 36 L/56 92 rounds (106 and 120 rounds for some modifications) |
Secondary armament | 2× 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 4,800 rounds |
| Engine | Maybach HL230 P45 (V-12 petrol) 700 PS (690.4 hp, 514.8 kW) |
| Power/weight | 12.3 PS/tonne |
| Suspension | torsion bar |
Operational range | 110–195 km (68–121 mi) |
| Speed | 42 km/h (26 mph) |
Design
The Tiger differed from earlier German tanks principally in its design philosophy. Its predecessors balanced mobility, armour and firepower, and were sometimes outgunned by their opponents.
The Tiger I represented a new approach that emphasised firepower and armour. While heavy, this tank was not slower than the best of its opponents. However, with over 50 metric tons dead weight, suspension, gearboxes, and other such items had clearly reached their design limits and breakdowns were frequent. Design studies for a new heavy tank had been started in 1937, without any production planning. Renewed impetus for the Tiger was provided by the quality of the Soviet T-34 encountered in 1941.[5] Although the general design and layout were broadly similar to the previous medium tank, the Panzer IV, the Tiger weighed more than twice as much. This was due to its substantially thicker armour, the larger main gun, greater volume of fuel and ammunition storage, larger engine, and more solidly built transmission and suspension.
Armour
The Tiger I’s armour reached up to 120 mm on the mantlet. This tank is assigned to the schwere SS-Panzer-Abteilung 101 operating in northern France in 1944.
The Tiger I had frontal hull armour 100 mm (3.9 in) thick and frontal turret armour of 120 mm (4.7 in) compared to the 80 mm (3.1 in) frontal hull and 50 mm (2 in) frontal turret armour of contemporary models of the Panzer IV.[4][6] It also had 60 mm (2.4 in) thick hull side plates and 80 mm armour on the side superstructure and rear, turret sides and rear was 80 mm. The top and bottom armour was 25 mm (1 in) thick; from March 1944, the turret roof was thickened to 40 mm (1.6 in).[3] Armour plates were mostly flat, with interlocking construction. The armour joints were of high quality, being stepped and welded rather than riveted and were made of maraging steel. This made the Tiger immune to the American Sherman tank’s frontal attacks with its 75mm gun.
The nominal armour thickness of the Tiger reached up to 200 mm at the mantlet.[7]
Gun
Turmzielfernrohr TZF 9c gun sight
The gun’s breech and firing mechanism were derived from the famous German “88″ dual purpose flak gun. The 88 mm KwK 36 L/56 gun was the variant chosen for the Tiger and was, along with the Tiger II’s 88 mm KwK 43 L/71, one of the most effective and feared tank guns of World War II.
The Tiger’s gun had a high muzzle velocity and extremely accurate Leitz Turmzielfernrohr TZF 9b sights (later replaced by the monocular TZF 9c). In British wartime firing trials, five successive hits were scored on a 410 by 460 mm (16 by 18 in) target at a range of 1,100 metres (3,600 ft).[8] Tigers were reported to have knocked out enemy tanks at ranges greater than 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi), although most World War II engagements were fought at much shorter ranges.
Ammunition
Loading ammunition
- PzGr. 39 (armour-piercing, capped, ballistic cap)
- PzGr. 40 (armour-piercing, composite rigid)
- Hl. Gr. 39 (high explosive anti-tank)
- sch. Sprgr. Patr. L/4.5 (incendiary shrapnel)
Engine and drive
Crew working on the engine through the hatch on the rear hull roof
The rear of the tank held an engine compartment flanked by two separate rear compartments each containing a fuel tank, radiator and fans. The Germans had not developed an adequate diesel engine, so a petrol (gasoline) powerplant had to be used instead. The original engine utilised was a 21.33-litre (1302 cu.in.) 12-cylinder Maybach HL 210 P45 developing 485 kW (650 hp) at 3000 RPM. Although a good engine, it was inadequate for the vehicle. From the 251st Tiger onwards, it was replaced by the upgraded HL 230 P45, a 23.88 litre (1457 cu.in.) engine developing 521 kW (700 hp) at 3000 RPM.[9] The main difference between these engines was that the original Maybach Hl 210 used an aluminium engine block while the Maybach HL 230 used a cast-iron engine block. The cast-iron block allowed for larger cylinders (and thus, greater displacement) which increased the power output to 521 kW (700 hp). The engine was in V-form, with two cylinder banks set at 60 degrees. An inertial starter was mounted on its right side, driven via chain gears through a port in the rear wall. The engine could be lifted out through a hatch on the rear hull roof.
The engine drove front sprockets, which were mounted quite low. The Krupp-designed eleven-tonne turret had a hydraulic motor whose pump was powered by mechanical drive from the engine. A full rotation took about a minute.
Another new feature was the Maybach-Olvar hydraulically controlled semi-automatic pre-selector gearbox. The extreme weight of the tank also required a new steering system. The clutch-and-brake system, typical for lighter vehicles, was retained only for emergencies. Normally, steering depended on a double differential, Henschel’s development of the British Merritt-Brown system.[10] The vehicle had an eight-speed gearbox, and the steering offered two fixed radii of turns on each gear, thus the Tiger had sixteen different radii of turn. In first gear, at a speed of a few km/h, the minimal turning radius was 3.44 meters (11.28 ft). In neutral gear, the tracks could be turned in opposite directions, so the Tiger I pivoted in place.[10] There was an actual steering wheel and the steering system was easy to use and ahead of its time.[10]
Suspension
Clear view of the Tiger I’s Schachtellaufwerk overlapping and interleaved road wheels during production
The suspension used sixteen torsion bars, with eight suspension arms per side. To save space, the swing arms were leading on one side and trailing on the other. There were three road wheels (one of them double) on each arm, in a so-called Schachtellaufwerk overlapping and interleaved arrangement, similar to that pioneered on German half-tracked military vehicles of the pre-World War II era, with the Tiger I being the first all-tracked German AFV built in quantity to use such a road wheel arrangement. The wheels had a diameter of 800 mm (31 in) in the Schachtellaufwerk arrangement, providing unprecedented uniform distribution of the load onto the track, at the cost of increased maintenance. Removing an inner wheel that had lost its tire (a common occurrence) therefore required the removal of up to nine outer wheels. During the rainy period that brought on the autumn rasputitsa mud season and onwards into the Russian winter conditions on the Eastern front, the roadwheels of a Schachtellaufwerk-equipped vehicle could also become packed with mud or snow that could then freeze. Presumably, Germany’s engineers, based on the experience of the half tracks, felt that the improvement in off road performance, track and wheel life, mobility with some wheels missing or damaged and fuel consumption, plus a continuous band of protection from enemy fire was worth the maintenance difficulties of an unnecessarily complex mechanical system operating in adverse environmental conditions. For the short life of a wartime tank, the approach was carried on, in various forms, to the Panther and Tiger II. Eventually, a new ‘steel’ wheel design, closely resembling those on the Tiger II, with an internal tire was substituted, and which like the Tiger II, were only overlapped and not interleaved.
To support the considerable weight of the Tiger, the tracks were an unprecedented 725 mm (28.5 in) wide. To meet rail-freight size restrictions, the outermost “layer” of roadwheels had to be removed and special, narrower 520 mm (20 in) wide ‘transport’ tracks installed. With a good crew, a track change took 20 minutes.
Fording system
The Tiger tank was too heavy for small bridges, so it was designed to ford four-metre deep water. This required unusual mechanisms for ventilation and cooling when underwater. At least 30 minutes of set-up time was required, with the turret and gun being locked in the forward position, and a large snorkel tube raised at the rear. The two rear compartments (each containing a fuel tank, radiator and fans) were floodable. Only the first 495 units were fitted with this deep fording system; all later models were capable of fording only two metres.
Crew compartment
The internal layout was typical of German tanks. Forward was an open crew compartment, with the driver and radio-operator seated at the front on either side of the gearbox. Behind them the turret floor was surrounded by panels forming a continuous level surface. This helped the loader to retrieve the ammunition, which was mostly stowed above the tracks. Three men were seated in the turret; the loader to the right of the gun facing to the rear, the gunner to the left of the gun, and the commander behind him. There was also a folding seat on the right for the loader. The turret had a full circular floor and 157 cm headroom.
Cost
A major problem with the Tiger was that it required considerable resources in terms of manpower and material. This in part was responsible for the low quantity produced: 1,347 of the Tiger I and 492[11] of the Tiger II. The German designs were expensive in terms of time, raw materials and reichsmarks, the Tiger I costing over twice as much as a Panzer IV and four times as much as a StuG III assault gun.[12] The closest counterpart to the Tiger from the United States was the M26 Pershing (around 200 deployed to the European Theater of Operations (ETO) during the war[13]) and IS-2 from the USSR (about 3,800 built during the conflict).
Although a formidable design, the low number produced, shortages in qualified crew and the considerable fuel requirement in a context of ever shrinking resources prevented the Tigers from having a real impact on the war.
Design history
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Henschel & Sohn began development of the vehicle that eventually became the Tiger I in January 1937 when the Waffenamt requested Henschel to develop a Durchbruchwagen (breakthrough vehicle) in the 30 tonne range. Only one prototype hull was ever built and it was never built with a turret. The Durchbruchwagen I general shape and suspension greatly resembled the Panzer III while the turret would have greatly resembled the early Panzer IVC turret with the short barrelled 7.5 cm L/24 cannon.
Before Durchbruchwagen I was completed a new request was issued for a heavier 30 tonne class vehicle with thicker armour; this was the Durchbruchwagen II, which would have carried 50 mm of frontal armour and mounted a Panzer IV turret with the 7.5 cm L/24 cannon. Overall weight would have been approximately 36 tonnes. Only one hull was built and a turret was not fitted. Development of this vehicle was dropped in the autumn of 1938 in favour of the more advanced VK3001(H) and VK3601(H) designs. Both the Durchbruchwagen I and II prototype hulls were used as test vehicles until 1941.
On 9 September 1938, Henschel & Sohn received permission to continue development of a VK3001(H) medium tank and a VK3601(H) heavy tank, both of which apparently pioneered the adoption of the so-called Schachtellaufwerk overlapping and interleaved main road wheel concept for tank chassis use, that had long been standard on German military half-tracked vehicles such as the SdKfz 7. The VK3001(H) was intended to mount a 7.5 cm L/24 low velocity infantry support gun, a 7.5 cm L/40 dual purpose anti-tank gun, or a 10.5 cm L/28 artillery piece in a Krupp turret. Overall weight was to be 33 tonnes. The armour was designed to be 50 mm on frontal surfaces and 30 mm on the side surfaces. Four prototype hulls were completed for testing. Two of these were used to create the 12.8 cm Selbstfahrlafette L/61, also known as Sturer Emil.
The VK3601(H) was intended to weigh 40 tonnes, and carry 100 mm of armour on front surfaces, 80 mm on turret sides and 60 mm on hull sides. The VK3601(H) was intended to carry a 7.5 cm L/24, or a 7.5 cm L/43, or a 7.5 cm L/70, or a 12.8 cm L/28 cannon in a Krupp turret that looked very similar to an enlarged Panzer IVC turret. One prototype hull was built, followed later by five more prototype hulls. The six turrets intended for the prototype hulls were never fitted and ended up being used as static defences as part of the Atlantic Wall. Development of the VK3601(H) project was discontinued in early 1942 in favour of the VK4501 project.
German combat experience with the French Somua S35 cavalry tank and Char B1 heavy tank, and the British Matilda I and II infantry tanks in June 1940 showed that the German Army needed better armed and armoured tanks. Superior tactics had overcome superior enemy armour, but the Germans did take notice.
The Porsche prototype
On 26 May 1941, at an armaments meeting, Henschel and Ferdinand Porsche were asked to submit designs for a 45 tonne heavy tank, to be ready by June 1942. Porsche worked to submit an updated version of their VK3001(P) Leopard tank prototype while Henschel worked to develop an improved VK3601(H) tank. Henschel built two prototypes: a VK4501(H) H1 which used the 88 mm L/56 cannon, and a VK4501(H) H2 which used the 75 mm L/70 cannon.
On 22 June 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Germans were shocked to encounter Soviet T-34 medium and KV-1 heavy tanks that completely outclassed anything the Germans were currently fielding. According to Henschel designer Erwin Aders: “There was great consternation when it was discovered that the Soviet tanks were superior to anything available to the Heer.”[8] The T-34 was almost immune frontally to every gun in German service except the 88 mm FlaK 18/36 gun. Panzer IIIs with the 5 cm KwK 38 L/42 main armament could penetrate the sides of a T-34, but had to be very close. The KV-1 was almost immune to all but the 8.8 cm FlaK 18/36.
An immediate weight increase to 45 tonnes and an increase in gun calibre to 88 mm was ordered. The due date for new prototypes was set for 20 April 1942, Adolf Hitler’s birthday. Unlike the Panther tank, the designs did not incorporate sloping armour, an innovation from the T-34. Thus, the Tiger’s armour was thicker and heavier than it had to be.
Porsche and Henschel submitted prototype designs, both essentially using the same Krupp-designed turret on different hulls. They were compared at Rastenburg before Hitler. The Henschel design was accepted, especially because of the problem-burdened Porsche gasoline-electric hybrid power unit and its use of large quantities of copper, a strategic war material. Production of the Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H began in August 1942. Awaiting an order for his tank, Porsche had built 100 chassis, using some for his Tiger prototypes. After losing the contract, they were used for a new turretless, casemate-style tank destroyer; ninety-one hulls were converted into the Panzerj盲ger Tiger (P) in the spring of 1943. The vehicle was also officially nicknamed the Ferdinand, and after Hitler’s orders of 1 and 27 February 1944 and the addition of a forward-firing defensive machine gun emplacement on the front of the superstructure, its nickname changed to the Elefant.
The Tiger was essentially still at the prototype stage when it was first hurried into service, and therefore changes both large and small were made throughout the production run. A redesigned turret with a lower, safer cupola was the most significant change. To cut costs, the submersion capability and an external air-filtration system were dropped.
Production history
Production of the Tiger I began in August 1942, and 1,355 were built by August 1944 when production ceased. Production started at a rate of 25 per month and peaked in April 1944 at 104 per month. Strength peaked at 671 on 1 July 1944.[14] Generally speaking, it took about twice as long to build a Tiger I as another German tank of the period. When the improved Tiger II began production in January 1944, the Tiger I was soon phased out.
In 1943, Japan bought several specimens of German tank designs for study. A single Tiger I was apparently purchased along with one Panther and two Panzer IIIs, but only the Panzer IIIs were actually delivered.[15] The undelivered Tiger was loaned to the German Wehrmacht by the Japanese government.
Many modifications were introduced during the production run to improve automotive performance, firepower and protection. Simplification of the design was implemented, along with adjustments for shortages. In 1942 alone, at least six revisions were made, starting with the removal of the Vorpanzer (frontal armour shield) from the pre-production models in April. In May, mudguards bolted onto the side of the pre-production run were added, while removable mudguards saw full incorporation in September. Smoke discharge canisters, three on each side of the turret, were added in August 1942. In later years, similar changes and updates were added, such as the addition of Zimmerit (a non-magnetic anti-mine coating), in late 1943.[16][17][18] Due to long production times at the factories, incorporation of the new modifications could take several months.
The humorous and somewhat racy crew manual, the Tigerfibel, was the first of its kind for the German Army and its success resulted in more unorthodox manuals that attempted to emulate its style.
Variants
Among other variants of the Tiger, a compact, armoured self-propelled rocket projector, today commonly known as Sturmtiger, was built. A tank recovery version of the Porsche Tiger I, and one Porsche Tiger I, was issued to the 654th Heavy Tank Destroyer Battalion which was equipped with the Ferdinand/Elephant. In Italy, a demolition carrier version of the Tiger I without a main gun was built by maintenance crews in an effort to find a way to clear minefields. It is often misidentified as a BergeTiger recovery vehicle. As many as three may have been built. It carried a demolition charge on a small crane on the turret in lieu of the main gun. It was to move up to a minefield and drop the charge, back away, and then set the charge off to clear the minefield. There is no verification of any being used in combat.
Designations
| Designation | Reference | Date |
|---|---|---|
| Prototypes | ||
| VK 45.01 | Henschel | 28 July 1941 |
| Pz.Kpfw. VI Ausf. H1 (VK 4501) | Wa Pr眉f 6[Notes 2] | 21 October 1941 |
| VK 4501 (H) | Wa J Rue (WuG 6)[Notes 3] | 5 January 1942 |
| Tiger H1 (VK 4501 – Aufbau fur 8,8 cm Kw.K.Krup-Turm) | Wa Pr眉f 6 | February 1942 |
| Pz.Kpfw. VI (VK 4501/H Ausf. H1 (Tiger) | Wa Pr眉f 6 | 2 March 1942 |
| Pz.Kpfw. “Tiger” H | Wa J Rue (WuG 6) | 20 June 1942 |
| Pz.Kpfw. VI VK 4501 (H) Tiger (H) Krupp-Turm mit 8.8 cm Kw.K. L/56 fur Ausf. H1 | Wa Pr眉f 6 | 1 July 1942 |
| Production | ||
| Panzerkampfwagen VI H (Sd.Kfz. 182) | KStN 1150d[19] | 15 August 1942 |
| Tiger I | Wa Pr眉f 6 | 15 October 1942 |
| Pz.Kpfw. VI H Ausf. H1 (Tiger H1) | - | 1 December 1942 |
| Panzerkampfwagen VI H Ausf. H1 Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E | D656/21+ (Tank manual) | March 1943 |
| Pz.Kpfw. Tiger (8,8 cm L/56) (Sd.Kfz. 181) | KStN 1176e[20] | 5 March 1943 |
| Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E (Sd.Kfz. 181) Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E | D656/22 (Tank manual) | 7 September 1944 |
Hitler’s order, dated 27 February 1944, abolished the designation Panzerkampfwagen VI and ratified Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E, which was the official designation until the end of the war.[7] For common use it was frequently shortened to Tiger.
Combat history
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Gun and armour performance
German soldiers inspect a non-penetrating hit to the Tiger’s armour
From a 30 degree angle the Tiger’s 88mm gun was capable of penetrating the front glacis plate of an American M4 Sherman between 1,800 and 2,100 m (1.1 and 1.3 mi),[21] the British Churchill IV between 1,100 and 1,700 m (0.68 and 1.06 mi), the Soviet T-34 between 800 and 1,400 m (0.50 and 0.87 mi), and the Soviet IS-2 between 100 and 300 m (0.062 and 0.186 mi).[21] The Soviet T-34 equipped with the 76.2 mm gun could not penetrate the Tiger frontally at any range[citation needed], but could achieve a side penetration at approximately 500 m firing BR-350P APCR ammunition.[citation needed] The T34-85′s 85 mm gun could penetrate the front of a Tiger between 200 and 500 m (0.12 and 0.31 mi),[21] the IS-2s 122 mm gun could penetrate the front between 500 and 1,500 m (0.31 and 0.93 mi).[21]
From a 30 degree angle of attack, the M4 Sherman’s 75 mm gun could not penetrate the Tiger frontally at any range, and needed to be within 100 m to achieve a side penetration against the 80 mm upper hull superstructure.[21] The British 17-pounder as used on the Sherman Firefly, firing its normal APCBC ammunition, could penetrate the front out to 1000 m. The US 76 mm gun, if firing the APCBC M62 ammunition, could penetrate the Tiger side armour out to just over 500 m, and could penetrate the upper hull superstructure at ranges of 200 m. Using HVAP ammunition, which was in constant short supply and primarily issued to tank destroyers, frontal penetration was possible out to just over 500 m. The M3 90 mm cannon used in the late-war M36 Jackson, M26 Pershing, and M2 AA/AT mount could penetrate its front plate at a range of 1,000 m, and from beyond 2,000 m when using HVAP.[22]
With the exception of HEAT ammunition, uncommon in World War II, as range to target decreases all guns possess higher penetrating power. The greater penetrating power of the Tiger’s gun meant that it could destroy many of its opponents at ranges at which they could not reach, let alone penetrate. Compounding the danger to Allied tank crews was the superior quality of German optics, allowing them better accuracy at distance and increasing their chances of a hit on the first shot. In open terrain this was a major tactical advantage. Opposing tank units were often required to make a flanking attack in order to knock out a Tiger.
First actions
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A Tiger I deployed to supplement the Afrika Korps operating in Tunisia, January 1943
The Tiger was first used in action on 23 September 1942 near Leningrad. Under pressure from Hitler, the tank was put into action months earlier than planned. Many early models proved to be mechanically unreliable; in this first action many broke down. Others were knocked out by dug-in Soviet anti-tank guns. One tank was captured largely intact, which allowed the Soviets to study it and prepare a response. A battalion of Tigers was deployed to the Don Front in the autumn of 1942, but arrived too late to participate in the attack to relieve Stalingrad, (Operation Winter Storm). It was subsequently engaged in heavy defensive fighting in the Rostov-on-Don and adjacent sectors in January and February 1943.
In the North African theatre, the Tiger first saw action in late 1942 near Robaa Tunisia. In the ensuing battle, a battery belonging to the 72nd Anti-tank Regiment of the British Army equipped with six-pounders knocked out three Tigers.[23] As the campaign continued, Tiger tanks would continue to appear in limited numbers. Their heavy armour and armament let them dominate in the open terrain of North Africa, but they were never deployed there in large quantities.
Mobility and reliability
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This Tiger of the 502nd Battalion flipped over while attempting a bridge crossing in Russia, November 1943, killing the tank commander. It was recovered with extreme difficulty[24]
The tank’s extreme weight limited which bridges it could cross and made drive-throughs of buildings, which might have had cellars, risky. Another weakness was the slow traverse of the hydraulically operated turret. The turret could also be traversed manually, but this option was rarely used, except for very small adjustments.
Early Tigers had a top speed of about 45 kilometres per hour (28 mph) over optimal terrain. This was not recommended for normal operation, and was discouraged in training; crews were told to not exceed 2,600 rpm due to unreliability of the early Maybach engines at maximum 3,000 rpm. An engine governor was subsequently installed, capping the engine at 2,600 rpm and the Tiger’s maximum speed to about 38 kilometres per hour (24 mph). By comparison, the medium tanks of the time, such as a Sherman or T-34, averaged a top speed of about 45 kilometres per hour (28 mph), so the Tiger did have a very respectable speed despite being nearly twice as heavy.
A Tiger undergoing engine repairs
The Tiger had reliability problems throughout its service life; Tiger units frequently entered combat understrength due to breakdowns. It was rare for any Tiger unit to complete a road march without losing vehicles due to breakdown. The tank also had a poor movement range. Due to its very wide tracks, the Tiger had a lower ground pressure than smaller tanks, the most notable exception being the Soviet T-34.
Tiger I towed by two Sd.Kfz. 9
The infrastructure to support such a heavy vehicle was found wanting. For example, the standard German Sd.Kfz. 9 Famo heavy recovery half-track tractor could not tow the tank; up to three tractors were usually needed to tow one tank. Therefore another Tiger was needed to do this, but on such occasions, the engine of the towing vehicle often overheated and sometimes resulted in an engine breakdown or fire, so Tiger tanks were forbidden by regulations to tow crippled comrades. The low-mounted sprocket limited the obstacle clearance height. The tracks also had a bad tendency to override the sprocket, resulting in immobilisation. If a track overrode and jammed, two Tigers were normally needed to tow the tank. The jammed track was also a big problem itself, since due to high tension, it was often impossible to split the track by removing the track pins. It was sometimes simply blown apart with an explosive charge.
Tactical organization
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A Tiger I camouflaged in a static defensive position
Tigers were usually employed in separate heavy tank battalions (schwere Panzer-Abteilung) under army command. These battalions would be deployed to critical sectors, either for breakthrough operations or, more typically, counter-attacks. A few favoured divisions, such as the Grossdeutschland, and the 1st SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, 2nd SS Das Reich, and 3rd SS Totenkopf Panzergrenadier Divisions at Kursk, had a Tiger company in their tank regiments. The Grossdeutschland Division had its Tiger company increased to a battalion as the III Panzer Battalion of the Panzer Regiment Grossdeutschland. 3rd SS Totenkopf retained its Tiger I company through the entire war. 1st SS and 2nd SS had their Tiger companies taken away and incorporated into the 101st SS Tiger Battalion, which was part of 1st SS Panzer Corps.[25]
The Tiger was originally designed to be an offensive breakthrough weapon, but by the time they went into action, the military situation had changed dramatically, and their main use was on the defensive, as mobile gun batteries.[25] Unfortunately, this also meant rushing the Tigers constantly from location to location causing excessive mechanical issues. As a result, there are almost no instances where a Tiger battalion went into combat at anything close to full strength.
Some Tiger units exceeded the 10:1 kill ratio, including 13. Kompanie/Panzer-Regiment Gro脽deutschland (16.67:1), schwere SS-Panzer-Abteilung 103 (12.82:1) and schwere Panzer-Abteilung 502 (13.08:1). Against the Soviet and Western Allied production numbers, even a 10:1 kill ratio was not sufficient. These numbers must be set against the opportunity cost of the expensive Tiger. Every Tiger cost as much as four Sturmgesch眉tz III assault guns to build.
Combat examples
Tiger engaging a target at the Battle of Kursk
On 7 July 1943, a single Tiger tank commanded by SS-Oberscharf眉hrer Franz Staudegger from the 2nd Platoon, 13th Panzer Company, 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler engaged a group of about 50 T-34s around Psyolknee (the southern sector of the German salient in the Battle of Kursk). Staudegger used all his ammunition and claimed the destruction of 22 Soviet tanks, while the rest retreated. For this, he was awarded the Knight’s Cross.[26]
The Tiger is particularly associated with SS-Hauptsturmf眉hrer Michael Wittmann of schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101. He worked his way up, commanding various vehicles and finally a Tiger I. In the Battle of Villers-Bocage, his platoon destroyed over two dozen Allied vehicles, including several tanks.
Fourteen Tiger tank commanders claimed over 100 vehicle kills each, including Kurt Knispel with 168, Walter Schroif with 161, Otto Carius with 150+, Johannes B枚lter with 139+, and Michael Wittmann with 138.[27]
Allied response
A Tiger captured by US forces in Tunis, 1943
The US Army did little to prepare for combat against the Tiger despite their assessment that the newly encountered German tank was superior to their own. This conclusion was partly based on the correct estimate that the Tiger would be encountered in relatively small numbers.[28] Later in the war, the Tiger could be penetrated at short range by tanks and tank destroyers equipped with the 76 mm gun M1 when firing high-velocity armour-piercing (HVAP) rounds,[29] and at long range with the M2/M3 90mm AA/AT gun firing HVAP, and the M36 tank destroyer and M26 Pershing by the end of the war.[22]
In contrast, the more experienced British had observed the gradual increase in German AFV armour and firepower since 1940 and had anticipated the need for more powerful anti-tank guns. Work on the Ordnance QF 17 pounder had begun in late 1940 and in 1942 100 early-production guns were rushed to North Africa to help counter the new Tiger threat. So great was the haste that they were sent before proper carriages had been developed, and the guns had to be mounted on the carriages of 25-pounder howitzers.
Tiger I that knocked out the first M26 Pershing in combat. It then backed into a pile of rubble and became stuck, leading to the crew abandoning it
Efforts were hastened to get cruiser tanks armed with 17 pounder guns into operation. The A30 Challenger was already at the prototype stage in 1942,[30] but this tank was poorly protected, having a front hull thickness of only 64mm, was unreliable, and was fielded in only limited numbers (around 200 were built), though crews liked it for its high speed. The Sherman Firefly, armed with the 17-pounder, was a notable success even though it was only intended to be a stopgap design. Fireflies were successfully used against Tigers (in one famous engagement, a single Firefly destroyed three Tigers in 12 minutes with five rounds;[31]) over 2,000 were built during the war. Five different 17-pounder-armed British designs saw combat during the war: the A30 Challenger, the A34 Comet, the Sherman Firefly, the 17pdr SP Achilles, and the 17pdr SP Archer, while one more, the A41 Centurion, was about to enter production at the end of the war. In 1944 the British introduced an APDS round for the 17-pounder, which increased performance considerably.
Marshal Georgy Zhukov inspecting a Tiger captured by the Red Army in 1943
The initial Soviet response was to restart production of the 57 mm ZiS-2 anti-tank gun (production was stopped in 1941 in favour of smaller, cheaper alternatives). The ZiS-2 had better armour penetration than the 76 mm F-34 tank gun (used by most Red Army tanks, but inadequate against Tigers) – with Armour-Piercing, Composite Rigid (APCR) rounds, it could penetrate the Tiger’s frontal armour under ideal conditions.[32] A small number of T-34s were fitted with a tank version of the ZiS-2 but it could not fire an adequate high-explosive round, ultimately making it an unsuitable tank gun. Instead, the 85 mm 52-K anti-aircraft gun was modified for tank use. This was initially used on the SU-85 self-propelled gun (based on a T-34 chassis) from August 1943. By the spring of 1944, the T-34/85 appeared; this up-gunned T-34 matched the SU-85′s firepower, but with the advantage of mounting the gun in a turret. The redundant SU-85 was replaced by the SU-100, mounting a 100 mm D-10 tank gun, that could penetrate 185 mm of vertical armour plate at 1,000 m, and was thus easily able to defeat the Tiger’s frontal armour at normal combat ranges.
In May 1943, the Red Army deployed the SU-152, replaced in 1944 by the ISU-152. These self-propelled guns both mounted the large, 152 mm howitzer-gun. The SU-152 was intended to be a close-support gun for use against German fortifications rather than armour; but, both it and the later ISU-152 were found to be very effective against German heavy tanks, and were nicknamed Zveroboy (commonly translated as “beast killer” or “animal hunter”) because of this. The 152 mm armour-piercing shells weighed over 45 kilograms (99 lb) and could penetrate a Tiger’s frontal armour from 1,000 metres (1,100 yd). Even the high-explosive rounds were powerful enough to cause significant damage to a tank. However, the size and weight of the ammunition meant both vehicles had a low rate of fire and each could carry only 20 rounds.
Operators
Nazi Germany – The main operator.
Kingdom of Hungary – 13 examples given by Germany.[33]
Survivors
Tiger 131
On 21 April 1943, a Tiger I of the 504th German heavy tank battalion, with turret number 131, was captured on a hill called Djebel Djaffa in Tunisia. A 6-pounder solid shot from a Churchill tank of the British 48th Royal Tank Regiment hit the Tiger’s gun barrel and ricocheted into its turret ring, jamming its traverse and wounding the commander. The crew bailed out and the tank was captured.[Notes 4][34][page needed]. After repairs, the tank was sent to England for a thorough inspection.
The captured tank was officially handed over to the Bovington Tank Museum by the British Ministry of Supply on 25 September 1951. In June 1990, the tank was removed from display at the museum and work began on its restoration. This was carried out both by the museum and the Army Base Repair Organisation and involved an almost complete disassembly of the tank. The Maybach HL230 engine from the museum’s Tiger II was installed (the Tiger’s original Maybach HL210 had been sectioned for display[35]), along with a modern fire-suppressant system in the engine compartment. In December 2003, Tiger 131 returned to the museum, restored and in running condition.
Others
Given the low number of just over 1,300 Tiger I’s produced during World War II, very few survived the war and the post-war scrap drives. Many large components have been salvaged over the years, but the discovery of a (more or less) complete vehicle has so far eluded enthusiasts and collectors. In addition to Tiger 131, six other Tiger tanks survive as of June 2013, at the following locations:
- Mus茅e des Blind茅s in Saumur, France. In good condition. An indoor exhibit. It has the narrow transport tracks fitted. This Tiger was part of the 2nd company of the SS Heavy Panzer Battalion 102, fought in the Cauville sector, and was abandoned by her crew after a mechanical breakdown. She was recommissioned as Colmar with the 2nd squadron of the 6th Cuirassier Regiment, fighting all the way back to Germany.
- Vimoutiers, Normandy France : The “Vimoutiers Tiger tank”. Abandoned by its crew in August 1944. Outdoor monument. In bad condition, due to the time effect and the elements.
- Kubinka Tank Museum, Moscow, Russia, in good condition. Displayed as an indoor exhibit.
- Military-historical Museum of Lenino-Snegiri, Russia. In very bad condition. As a former firing range target it is badly shot and cut up. Displayed as an outdoor exhibit.
- Tiger 712 of the 501st United States Army Armor & Cavalry Museum, Former Aberdeen Tiger, Fort Benning, Georgia. In good condition. The left side of the hull and turret were cut-away in the late 1940s for interior display and educational purposes.
- German Panzer Museum, Munster has a Tiger I now on display.[36] This tank was reconstructed by Mr Hoebig in Germany, using parts found in the Trun scrapyard in Normandy [37] and some parts found in Kurland (Latvia).
Tiger 131, Bovington Tank Museum, United Kingdom
The damage that immobilized the turret on Tiger 131.
Tiger Colmar, Mus茅e des Blind茅s, Saumur, France
the Vimoutiers Tiger tank in Vimoutiers, Normandy, France
Lenino-Snegiri Military Historical Museum, Russia
Kubinka Tank Museum, Russia
| Sd.Kfz. 181 PzKpfw. VI Tiger Ausf. H1 (E) “Tiger” | |
Czo艂g PzKpfw VI Tiger zdobyty przez wojska ameryka艅skie w Tunezji | |
| Dane podstawowe | |
| Pa艅stwo | |
| Producent | Henschel und Sohn w Kassel-Mittlefeld |
| Typ pojazdu | czo艂g ci臋偶ki |
| Trakcja | g膮sienicowa |
| Za艂oga | 5 |
| Historia | |
| Prototypy | 1942 |
| Produkcja | 1942-1945 |
| Egzemplarze | 1355 |
| Dane techniczne | |
| Silnik | 12-cylindrowy ga藕nikowy w uk艂adzie V ch艂odzony ciecz膮 Maybach HL210P45 o mocy 478 kW (650 KM) lub Maybach HL230P45 o mocy 515 kW (700 KM) przy 3000 obr./min[1] |
| Transmisja | mechaniczna |
| Poj. zb. paliwa | 535 l |
| Pancerz | grubo艣膰: 25–120 mm |
| D艂ugo艣膰 | 8,45 m (ca艂kowita) 6,315 m (kad艂uba) |
| Szeroko艣膰 | 3,705 m (na g膮sienicach bojowych) 3,40 m (na g膮sienicach transportowych) |
| Wysoko艣膰 | 2,93 m |
| Prze艣wit | 0,43 m |
| Masa | 56–57 tys. kg (bojowa) |
| Moc jedn. | 12,3 KM/t |
| Nacisk jedn. | 1,08 kg/cm² (g膮sienice bojowe) 1,51 kg/cm² (g膮sienice transportowe) |
| Osi膮gi | |
| Pr臋dko艣膰 | 38 km/h (po drodze) 20–25 km/h (w terenie) |
| Zasi臋g | 100 km (po drodze) 60 km (w terenie) |
| Pokonywanie przeszk贸d | |
| Brody (g艂臋b.) | 1,20 m 3,96 m (czo艂gi wyposa偶one w komin powietrzny) |
| Rowy (szer.) | 2,29 m |
| 艢ciany (wys.) | 0,79 m |
| K膮t podjazdu | 30潞 |
| Dane operacyjne | |
| Uzbrojenie | |
| 1 armata KwK 36 L/56 kal. 88 mm (zapas amunicji – 92 szt.) 2 (3) karabiny maszynowe MG 34 kal. 7,92 mm (zapas amunicji – 5100 szt.) | |
| Wyposa偶enie | |
| chrapy (495 czo艂g贸w) pasta Zimmerit | |
| U偶ytkownicy | |
| Niemcy, W臋gry | |
PzKpfw VI Tiger (Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger, SdKfz 181, potocznie Tygrys) – niemiecki czo艂g ci臋偶ki z okresu II wojny 艣wiatowej. Uzbrojony w armat臋 kalibru 88 mm.
Pocz膮tki projektu
W Niemczech starano si臋 tworzy膰 projekty ci臋偶kich czo艂g贸w ju偶 od po艂owy lat dwudziestych, po I wojnie 艣wiatowej. Czo艂g typu “Tygrys” przyj膮艂 sw贸j pierwotny kszta艂t w kwietniu 1942 roku, kiedy do konkursu stan臋艂y dwa prototypy. Na terenie jednostki wojskowej w K臋trzynie przedstawiono modele Porschego i Henschela. Testy wykaza艂y spore r贸偶nice w osi膮gach i manewrowo艣ci pojazd贸w (pr臋dko艣膰 i in., prototyp Porsche posiada艂 innowacyjny nap臋d typu “silnik spalinowy-generator pr膮du-silnik elektryczny”, trudny jednak w obs艂udze i wymagaj膮cy du偶ej ilo艣ci deficytowej miedzi). W maju powt贸rzono pr贸by na poligonie w Berka. Okaza艂o si臋 偶e czo艂g Henschela wykaza艂 swoj膮 przewag臋 nad zbyt awaryjnym prototypem dr Porschego. Zwyci臋ski projekt otrzyma艂 oznaczenie SdKfz 181 Panzerkampfwagen VI “Tiger” Ausf. H1 (p贸藕niej, po wprowadzeniu czo艂g贸w Tiger II, zmieniono oznaczenie na Ausf. E).
Produkcja seryjna czo艂g贸w Tygrys odbywa艂a si臋 w zak艂adach Henschel (Werk III), w Kassel-Mittefield i Wegmann AG (monta偶 wie偶 do kad艂ub贸w). W toku produkcji czo艂g贸w PzKpfw VI wprowadzono liczne zmiany i modyfikacje. Z tego wzgl臋du mo偶na wyodr臋bni膰 czo艂gi wczesnych serii produkcyjnych, czo艂gi po modyfikacji oraz pojazdy p贸藕nych serii produkcyjnych.
Modyfikacje
Pierwsza grupa modyfikacji dotyczy艂a zmian w konstrukcji wie偶y. Pierwsze czo艂gi posiada艂y ma艂y w艂az ewakuacyjny umieszczony z prawej strony wie偶y, wyposa偶ony w otw贸r s艂u偶膮cy do prowadzenia ognia z broni r臋cznej (pistoletu lub pistoletu maszynowego). Po modyfikacji powi臋kszono w艂az i zlikwidowano otw贸r strzelniczy. Inna zmiana polega艂a na zamontowaniu do kad艂uba czo艂gu kilku wyrzutnik贸w min przeciwpiechotnych typu S. Po wystrzeleniu na wysoko艣膰 kilkudziesi臋ciu centymetr贸w ponad kad艂ub, mina rozrywa艂a si臋 ra偶膮c wok贸艂 stalowymi kulkami. W czo艂gach wczesnych serii produkcyjnych montowano na wie偶y dwa zestawy po trzy wyrzutnie pocisk贸w dymnych 艣wiec dymnych NbK 39 kalibru 90 mm. Z tych wyrzutni mog艂y by膰 te偶 wystrzeliwane miny typu S.
W czo艂gach p贸藕niejszych serii produkcyjnych montowano Nahverteidigungswaffe – by艂y to ma艂e miny przeciwpiechotne wystrzeliwane z wn臋trza czo艂gu. Czo艂gi u偶ywane w Afryce P贸艂nocnej, w 501 sPzAbt (sk贸rt od schwerer Panzer Abteilung – batalion czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich) mia艂y inaczej montowane reflektory i zmodyfikowane przednie b艂otniki. Czo艂gi p贸藕nych serii produkcyjnych mia艂y tylko jeden reflektor zamocowany po艣rodku p艂yty czo艂owej pancerza. Inn膮 modyfikacj膮 by艂o zamocowanie dodatkowego opancerzenia wok贸艂 celownika optycznego typu Carl Zeiss TZF 9b. W czo艂gach produkowanych w 1944 roku stosowano celownik TZF 9c wyposa偶ony w pojedynczy obiektyw (dotychczas stosowany celownik TZF 9b mia艂 podw贸jny obiektyw). Czo艂gi produkowane w 1942 roku i do po艂owy 1943 roku mia艂y wie偶yczk臋 obserwacyjn膮 dow贸dcy typu basztowego, wyposa偶on膮 w szczeliny obserwacyjne. P贸藕niejsze czo艂gi otrzyma艂y nowy typ wie偶yczki (stosowany m.in. w czo艂gach PzKpfw V Panther i Tiger II) wyposa偶ony w peryskopy. Wie偶yczka posiada艂a uchwyt do mocowania karabinu maszynowego MG 34 kalibru 7,92 mm, przystosowanego do strzela艅 przeciwlotniczych. Pierwsze 495 czo艂g贸w “Tygrys” by艂o wyposa偶onych w urz膮dzenia (tzw. kominy powietrzne) pozwalaj膮ce na pokonywanie po dnie przeszk贸d wodnych o g艂臋boko艣ci do 4 metr贸w. Kolejne czo艂gi nie posiada艂y tego typu urz膮dze艅. Zdolne by艂y jedynie do przekraczania w br贸d przeszk贸d wodnych o g艂臋boko艣ci do 1,6 metra.
Panzerbefehlswagen
Czo艂g dowodzenia opracowany w 1943 roku na bazie podstawowej wersji Tygrysa. Posiada艂y zmniejszony (z 92 do 66 naboi) zapas amunicji armatniej. Wygospodarowane miejsce wykorzystano do zamontowania dodatkowego wyposa偶enia radiowego. Demontowano tak偶e zblokowany z dzia艂em karabin maszynowy MG 34. Panzerbefehlswagen (PzBefWg “Tiger” Ausf. E) posiada艂 dwie anteny pr臋towe mocowane na stropie wie偶y i kad艂ubie. Przebudowano w ten spos贸b 84 Tygrysy. Stosowano dwa typy wyposa偶enia radiowego. Czo艂gi SdKfz 267 by艂y wyposa偶one w radiostacje kr贸tkofalowe Fu 5 i Fu 8 o mocy 80 W i zasi臋gu 80 km (klucz) lub 15 km (fonia). Radiostacja Fu 8 by艂a standardowym wyposa偶eniem jednostek wojsk l膮dowych na szczeblu dywizji i korpusu. Czo艂gi SdKfz 268 mia艂y radiostacje kr贸tkofalowe Fu 5 i Fu 7. Radiostacja Fu 5 s艂u偶y艂a do nawi膮zania 艂膮czno艣ci w obr臋bie kompanii, za艣 Fu 7 pozwala艂a na kontakt z batalionem. Ponadto czo艂gi SdKfz 267 i 268 by艂y wyposa偶one w system 艂膮czno艣ci wewn臋trznej Bordsprechnlange B.
Rozw贸j czo艂gu
Jedn膮 z najwa偶niejszych modyfikacji czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich typu Tygrys by艂o zastosowanie w 800 ostatnich czo艂gach stalowych k贸艂 no艣nych w miejsce k贸艂 z banda偶em gumowym. W celu poprawienia niezawodno艣ci zdemontowano zewn臋trzny rz膮d k贸艂 no艣nych pozostawiaj膮c tylko dwa pe艂ne rz臋dy k贸艂. Ko艂a wykonane ca艂kowicie ze stali by艂y bardziej wytrzyma艂e ni偶 te, wyposa偶one w gumowe obrze偶a.
Wozy u偶ywane w trudnych warunkach terenowych (Afryka, niekt贸re odcinki frontu wschodniego) mia艂y filtry powietrza typu Feifel. Czo艂gi typu PzKpfw VI (SdKfz 181) Tiger Ausf E posiada艂y dwa rodzaje g膮sienic. G膮sienice s艂u偶膮ce do transportu o szeroko艣ci 520 mm i g膮sienice bojowe o szeroko艣ci 725 mm. Stosowanie dw贸ch typ贸w g膮sienic by艂o spowodowane nast臋puj膮cymi czynnikami: pierwszy to ch臋膰 zabezpieczenia g膮sienic bojowych przed uszkodzeniami w czasie transportu, a drugi to konieczno艣膰 ograniczenia szeroko艣ci czo艂gu z powodu przekroczenia skrajni kolejowej obowi膮zuj膮cej w Deutsche Reichsbahn. Zwyczajnym widokiem by艂y g膮sienice bojowe u艂o偶one przed czo艂giem na platformie kolejowej.
Do nap臋du czo艂gu Tygrys stosowano dwa typy silnik贸w: w pierwszych 250 czo艂gach dwunastocylindrowe, silniki ga藕nikowe ch艂odzone ciecz膮 typu Maybach HL 210 P3O o mocy 478 kW (650 KM) i pojemno艣ci skokowej 21353 cm³. W pozosta艂ych czo艂gach u偶ywano silnik贸w Maybach HL230 P45 o mocy 515 kW (700 KM) i pojemno艣ci skokowej 23095 cm³. Silniki Maybach zbudowane by艂y w uk艂adzie V, o k膮cie rozwarcia blok贸w cylindr贸w 60°. Czo艂gi poszczeg贸lnych serii r贸偶ni艂y si臋 tak偶e kszta艂tem os艂on t艂umik贸w umieszczonych na tylnej p艂ycie kad艂uba. Ostatnie czo艂gi seryjne mia艂y te偶 zmodyfikowany hamulec wylotowy armaty.
Czo艂gi budowane od po艂owy 1943 roku posiada艂y peryskop umieszczony na wierzchu wie偶y przed w艂azem stanowiska 艂adowniczego. Tak偶e cz臋艣膰 Tygrys贸w mia艂a na wie偶y zaczepy do montowania zapasowych ogniw g膮sienicy (5 ogniw po lewej stronie wie偶y i 3 ogniwa po prawej). W czo艂gach wczesnych serii produkcyjnych dodatkowe ogniwa montowano z przodu czo艂gu. Zmianie ulega艂 tak偶e spos贸b montowania peryskopu kierowcy. Liny holownicze mocowane by艂y do lewego pancerza bocznego. Od po艂owy 1943 roku kad艂ub (boki, prz贸d, ty艂, a niekiedy tak偶e sp贸d) oraz wie偶臋 pokrywa艂 zimmerit – specjalna pasta maj膮ca chroni膰 pojazd przed minami magnetycznymi. W 1942 roku zak艂ady Rheinmetall-Borsig opracowa艂y projekt nowej wie偶y dla czo艂gu PzKpfw VI, Wie偶a Ausf. H2 (wie偶a Ausf. H1 to standardowa wie偶a z armat膮 KwK 36 L/56) mia艂a armat臋 7,5 cm KwK 42 L/70 kalibru 75 mm. Zbudowano jedynie makiet臋 i nie uruchomiono seryjnej produkcji Tygrys贸w z dzia艂ami 75 mm. Projektowano tak偶e przezbrojenie czo艂g贸w Ausf. E w armat臋 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/71 kalibru 88 mm.
Znakowanie
Czo艂gi Tygrys posiada艂y numery fabryczne od 250001 do 251350. Pierwsze trzy prototypy V1, V2 i V3 s艂u偶y艂y jedynie do test贸w. Czo艂g 250017 (V1) zosta艂 u偶yty do pr贸b por贸wnawczych z czo艂giem VK4501 (P) (P oznacza projekt Porsche). Pozbawiony wie偶y 250018 (V2) u偶yto do pr贸b elektrycznej skrzyni bieg贸w typu ZF produkcji fabryki Zahnradfabrik w Friedrichshafen. V3 (250019) w 1943 roku wykonywa艂 pr贸by trakcyjne, m.in. pokonywanie przeszk贸d wodnych po dnie. Kad艂uby 250003 i 250006 s艂u偶y艂y w Kummersdorfie do pr贸b wytrzyma艂o艣ci pancerza. Obecnie w Bovington Tank Museum znajduje si臋 czo艂g 250122. Tygrysy produkowano do sierpnia 1944, kiedy zosta艂y zast膮pione przez Tygrysa II.
Dane techniczne
| Model | PzKpfw VI Tiger I Ausf. E | PzKpfw VI B K枚nigstiger |
|---|---|---|
| Masa ca艂kowita (kg) | 56 900 | 67 900 |
| D艂ugo艣膰 (mm) | 8450 | 10286 |
| Szeroko艣膰 (mm) | 3705 | 3755 |
| Wysoko艣膰 (mm) | 2930 | 3090 |
| Silnik | Maybach HL 210650 KM i p贸藕niej 700 KM | Maybach HL 230700 KM |
| Pr臋dko艣膰 (km/h) | 45,4 | 41,5 |
| Zasi臋g na drodze (km) | 100 | 170 |
| Zasi臋g w terenie (km) | 60 | 120 |
| Za艂oga | 5 | 5 |
| Uzbrojenie | 8.8 cm KwK 36 L/562x MG 34 (7,92 mm) | 8.8 cm KwK 43 L/712x MG 34 (7,92 mm) |
Inne pojazdy na podwoziu PzKpfw VI
W pa藕dzierniku 1943 roku powsta艂 prototyp dzia艂a pancernego Sturmtiger uzbrojonego w specjalny mo藕dzierz rakietowy 38 cm Sturmm枚rser RW61 L/5.4. Za艂o偶eniem konstruktor贸w by艂o wspieranie piechoty w walkach w mie艣cie. Zbudowano zaledwie 18 pojazd贸w tego typu, wszystkie z nich powsta艂y jako modyfikacja uszkodzonych w boju Tygrys贸w.
Pewn膮 liczb臋 Tygrys贸w przebudowano na wozy zabezpieczenia technicznego Bergepanzer Tiger (Bergetiger) poprzez usuni臋cie dzia艂a i zamontowanie w jego miejsce d藕wigu, kt贸rego mechanizm by艂 nap臋dzany przez silnik czo艂gu.
Trzy czo艂gi Tiger wyprodukowane przez zak艂ady Porsche zosta艂y wykorzystane do budowy taran贸w tzw. Ramm-Tiger.
Ponadto tworzono r贸偶ne rodzaje Tygrys贸w wyposa偶onych w miotacz ognia (pocz膮tkowo wbudowany zamiast dzia艂a, potem wmontowany zamiast sprz臋偶onego z armat膮 lub kad艂ubowego karabinu maszynowego)[potrzebne 藕r贸d艂o]. Projekt jednak zatrzyma艂 si臋 jedynie na kilku egzemplarzach testowych. Poza tym oko艂o 84 Tygrysy zosta艂y przebudowane na specjalne wersje dla dow贸dc贸w (Panzerbefehlswagen “Tiger” I Ausf. A, SdKfz 267 oraz 268) poprzez wymontowanie sprz臋偶onego karabinu maszynowego, zmniejszenie zapasu naboj贸w do dzia艂a, w ich miejsce montowano dodatkowe radiostacje (FuG 5 i FuG 8 na wersji SdKfz 267 oraz FuG 5 i FuG 7 na SdKfz 268) oraz montowano dwie anteny na kad艂ubie.
U偶ycie bojowe
PzKpfw VI Tiger nale偶膮cy do 1. Dywizji Pancernej operuje w p贸艂nocnej Francji, 21 marca 1944 roku
W zasadzie jedynym u偶ytkownikiem tego czo艂gu by艂a armia niemiecka. Ponadto kilka pojazd贸w trafi艂o do armii w臋gierskiej. Wiadomo, 偶e trzy Tygrysy dostarczono 22 lipca 1944 roku transportem kolejowym. Kilka innych zosta艂o przyj臋tych do 503. lub 509. batalionu. Czo艂gi zdobyte przez oddzia艂y ameryka艅skie i brytyjskie s艂u偶y艂y jedynie do cel贸w zapoznawczych i do test贸w broni przeciwpancernej, natomiast czo艂gi zdobyte przez Armi臋 Czerwon膮 zosta艂y u偶yte w boju przeciwko dawnym w艂a艣cicielom. Du偶e zainteresowanie tym czo艂giem okazywa艂a Japonia. Po wra偶eniu, jakie wywar艂 on na ambasadorze tego kraju, postanowiono zakupi膰 egzemplarz wzorcowy i dokumentacj臋. Czo艂g nr 250455 planowano pod koniec 1943 roku przetransportowa膰 drog膮 morsk膮 i przekaza膰 firmie Showa Tsusho Kaisha w Tokio[2].
Kiedy powsta艂a koncepcja czo艂gu ci臋偶kiego, zamierzano tworzy膰 bataliony licz膮ce po 45 Tygrys贸w. Jednak na naradzie u Hitlera 26 maja 1941 roku zdecydowano o tworzeniu w dywizjach pancernych oddzia艂贸w licz膮cych po 20 Tygrys贸w; pozosta艂e mia艂y wspiera膰 ich dzia艂ania. W efekcie zacz臋to tworzy膰 pierwsze pi臋膰 samodzielnych batalion贸w (501.–505. schwere Heeres Panzer Abteilung) i cztery pierwsze kompanie dla pu艂k贸w pancernych (“Gro脽deutschland”, 1. 2., 3. pu艂k SS). Ka偶da kompania mia艂a po 9 Tygrys贸w i 10 PzKpfw III. W marcu 1943 roku liczb臋 Tygrys贸w zwi臋kszono do 14. Mimo 偶e na froncie nigdy nie by艂o ich wystarczaj膮co du偶o, w艣r贸d sojusznik贸w szczeg贸lnie tych na Wschodzie, panowa艂a swoista “Tygrysofobia”. Niemal w ka偶dym niemieckim czo艂gu widziano Tygrysa. Kiedy Niemcy szykowali si臋 do swojej ostatniej wielkiej letniej ofensywy, 1 lipca 1943 roku na ca艂ym froncie wschodnim posiadali 147 tych czo艂g贸w, z czego 123 by艂y gotowe do akcji. Najwy偶szy stan liczebny osi膮gni臋to 1 maja 1944 roku, kiedy na froncie wschodnim znajdowa艂o si臋 301 Tygrys贸w (242 sprawne), we Francji – 98, a we W艂oszech – 76. W tym miesi膮cu tylko na Wschodzie stracono ich 108, tyle samo w nast臋pnym. Du偶e straty wywo艂ane zdecydowan膮 przewag膮 liczebn膮 wroga powodowa艂y stopniowe zmniejszanie si臋 liczby Tygrys贸w na froncie, ale nadal na jednego zniszczonego przypada艂o 艣rednio 10 utraconych przez aliant贸w[3].
Leningrad
PzKpfw VI Tiger w okolicach Leningradu
Przy wysy艂aniu nowego czo艂gu do akcji pope艂niono powa偶ny b艂膮d, nie czekano bowiem na przezbrojenie kilku jednostek, ale kierowano na front pojedyncze egzemplarze, trac膮c atut zaskoczenia i ujawniaj膮c fakt posiadania tak pot臋偶nego czo艂gu. W sierpniu 1942 roku z 1. kompanii formowanego 502. batalionu czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich wydzielono cztery pojazdy i transportem kolejowym razem z czterema czo艂gami PzKpfw III Ausf. N przewieziono je w rejon stacji Mga pod Leningradem. Na miejsce przyby艂y 29 sierpnia i natychmiast ruszy艂y do walki. Dwa z nich zosta艂y unieruchomione w wyniku awarii. Po naprawach kolejna akcja mia艂a miejsce 21 wrze艣nia i wtedy utracono jednego Tygrysa. Poniewa偶 nie uda艂o si臋 go ewakuowa膰 z pola walki, zosta艂 wysadzony 25 wrze艣nia. Pozosta艂e trzy, kt贸re ugrz臋z艂y w b艂ocie, ewakuowano. Drugi transport z – pi臋cioma Tygrysami i dziewi臋cioma PzKpfw III – przyby艂 25 wrze艣nia. Pierwsze dziewi臋膰 czo艂g贸w jednostki, o numerach od 250002 do 250010, nie by艂o dostosowanych do dzia艂a艅 w b艂ocie i stopniowo je tracono. W styczniu 1943 roku utracono a偶 11 pojazd贸w, z tego jeden nieznacznie uszkodzony wpad艂 w r臋ce Rosjan i nowy czo艂g przesta艂 by膰 tajemnic膮. W pierwszych miesi膮cach pod Leningrad przyby艂y kolejne maszyny i w bardziej dogodnym terenie zada艂y du偶e straty przeciwnikowi. Utracono przy tym trzy Tygrysy w lutym i pi臋膰 w marcu. Przez nast臋pne trzy miesi膮ce zaanga偶owanie nowych czo艂g贸w na froncie wschodnim by艂o niewielkie i nie poniesiono powa偶nych strat[4].
Tunezja
PzKpfw VI nale偶膮cy do Afrika Korps operuje w Tunezji, stycze艅 1943 roku
Kolejnym miejscem, gdzie pojawi艂 si臋 nowy czo艂g, by艂y pustynne piaski Afryki P贸艂nocnej. Aby ratowa膰 oddzia艂y Osi w Libii i Tunezji, kt贸re znalaz艂y si臋 w tragicznym po艂o偶eniu, postanowiono wys艂a膰 tam w艂a艣nie formowan膮 1. kompani臋 501. batalionu czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich, kt贸ry pocz膮tkowo mia艂 otrzyma膰 czo艂gi firmy Porsche. W tym celu wybrano 20 maszyn z pojazd贸w o numerach od 250011 do 250033 (2 we wrze艣niu, 8 w pa藕dzierniku i 10 w listopadzie) i przystosowano je do s艂u偶by w tropikach. Z W艂och dostarczono je drog膮 morsk膮 do portu w Bizercie, gdzie pierwsze trzy dotar艂y 23 grudnia 1942 roku, a ostatnie 24 stycznia 1943. Czo艂gi te mia艂y by膰 niespodziank膮 dla aliant贸w, ale prasa niemiecka pokaza艂a je na ulicach Tunisu w reporta偶u z 11 grudnia. Wcze艣niej zd膮偶y艂y zaprezentowa膰 si臋 w boju, poniewa偶 od 1 do 3 grudnia bra艂y udzia艂 w walkach z oddzia艂ami brytyjskimi i ameryka艅skimi pod Tebourb膮 i mia艂y znacz膮cy wp艂yw na zniszczenie 134 alianckich czo艂g贸w. W styczniu 1943 roku pierwszy Tygrys wpad艂 w r臋ce Brytyjczyk贸w. W lutym do akcji wesz艂y czo艂gi 2. kompanii, a w marcu – 1. kompanii 504. batalionu. Podczas lutowych walk na prze艂臋czy Kasserine Tygrysy zada艂y powa偶ne straty aliantom, w tym tak偶e Shermanom. Jednego z nich uda艂o si臋 zniszczy膰 z odleg艂o艣ci 2700 m. Pod Bad偶膮 Brytyjczykom uda艂o si臋 wci膮gn膮膰 w zasadzk臋 1. kompani臋 501. batalionu i zniszczy膰 siedem Tygrys贸w. 艁膮cznie kompania straci艂a ich 15 i praktycznie przesta艂a istnie膰. Czo艂gi 504. batalionu walczy艂y do ko艅ca kampanii, powstrzymuj膮c marsz aliant贸w na Tunis[4].
Bitwa na 艁uku Kurskim
Osobny artyku艂: Bitwa na 艁uku Kurskim.
Tygrys z 偶o艂nierzami niemieckimi z oddzia艂贸w Waffen-SS pod Kurskiem, lato 1943 roku
Chocia偶 ostatnia wielka niemiecka ofensywa zako艅czy艂a si臋 pora偶k膮, Tygrysy pokaza艂y si臋 w tej bitwie z najlepszej strony. U偶yto w niej prawie wszystkich czo艂g贸w ze 147 posiadanych na froncie wschodnim. W dywizjach pancernych dysponowa艂y nimi: Panzergrenadier Division “Gro脽deutschland” – 15 sztuk, SS Panzergrenadier Division LSSAH – 13 sztuk, SS Panzergrenadier Division “Das Reich” – 14 sztuk i SS Panzergrenadier Division “Totenkopf” – 15 sztuk. Ca艂kowicie by艂 w nie wyposa偶ony 503. batalion czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich – 45 sztuk, a cz臋艣ciowo 505. batalion – 31 sztuk. Stanowi艂o to og贸艂em 133 czo艂gi[4].
W dywizji “Gro脽deutschland” Tygrysy stanowi艂y wyposa偶enie 13. kompanii, kt贸ra 5 lipca, czyli pierwszego dnia bitwy, atakowa艂a w kierunku miejscowo艣ci Czerkaskoje. Po trzech godzinach front zosta艂 prze艂amany i dosz艂o do starcia z radzieck膮 214. Brygad膮 Pancern膮 gen. Siemiona Kriwoszeina (we wrze艣niu 1939 roku razem z gen. Heinzem Guderianem przyjmowa艂 defilad臋 w Brze艣ciu). Zniszczono w贸wczas 10 T-34, a w ca艂ej bitwie kompania straci艂a a偶 siedem Tygrys贸w[4].
W dywizji SS LSSAH Tygrysy stanowi艂y uzbrojenie 13. kompanii. Pierwszego dnia bitwy, nacieraj膮c pod Olchowatk膮, wesz艂a ona na 12 km w g艂膮b linii radzieckich. Nast臋pnego dnia czo艂g KW-1 zdo艂a艂 zniszczy膰 jednego Tygrysa. 8 lipca czo艂gi kompanii przedosta艂y si臋 na ty艂y 6. Armii Gwardii i ca艂kowicie zniszczy艂y 29. Brygad臋 Artylerii Przeciwpancernej, nie trac膮c ani jednego pojazdu. W bitwie pod Prochorowk膮 12 lipca kompania walczy艂a z 18. i 29. Korpusem Pancernym 5. Armii Pancernej Gwardii i straci艂a 4 czo艂gi[5].
W dywizji “Das Reich” Tygrysy znajdowa艂y si臋 w 8. kompanii, kt贸ra naciera艂a na Oboja艅. Pierwszego dnia prze艂ama艂a ona obron臋 i po po艂udniu zg艂osi艂a zniszczenie 23 czo艂g贸w. Nast臋pnego dnia – w boju z radzieckim poci膮giem pancernym – straci艂a trzy Tygrysy. W walkach pod Prochorowk膮 kompania zg艂osi艂a zniszczenie 120 czo艂g贸w radzieckich[6].
503. batalion bra艂 udzia艂 w walkach pod Michaj艂owk膮, Starym Gorodkiem i Jastrebowem. Do 12 lipca 3. kompania straci艂a cztery Tygrysy, z tego dwa w walce, a dwa w wyniku po偶ar贸w. Do 10 wrze艣nia batalion zg艂osi艂 zniszczenie 501 czo艂g贸w przy stracie 10 w艂asnych[6].
505. batalion, a w艂a艣ciwie jego 1. i 2. kompania, wspiera艂 natarcie 6. Dywizji Piechoty. Tego dnia na widok Tygrys贸w za艂ogi T-34 w panice porzuci艂y swoje sprawne czo艂gi i uciek艂y. Nast臋pnego dnia zg艂oszono zniszczenie 42 maszyn radzieckich. Obie kompanie wzi臋艂y udzia艂 w walkach pod Olchawatk膮. 8 lipca do dzia艂a艅 w艂膮czy艂a si臋 te偶 3. kompania. Nast臋pnego dnia batalion wycofano z frontu. Og贸艂em w bitwie stracono 19 Tygrys贸w, czyli bardzo niewiele w stosunku do strat wyrz膮dzonych przez nie Rosjanom. Przez ca艂y okres u偶ytkowania Tygrys贸w na froncie wschodnim stracono ich 749[6].
Sycylia i W艂ochy
Osobne artyku艂y: Operacja Husky i Kampania w艂oska w czasie II wojny 艣wiatowej.
PzKpfw VI Tiger na Sycylii, sierpie艅 1943 roku
Na Sycylii stacjonowa艂a licz膮ca 17 Tygrys贸w 2. kompania z 504. batalionu, kt贸ry nie zd膮偶ono wys艂a膰 do Tunezji. Nast臋pnego dnia po l膮dowaniu aliant贸w, czyli 11 lipca, pr贸bowa艂a ona przeprowadzi膰 kontratak, kt贸ry za艂ama艂 si臋 w ogniu artylerii okr臋towej. Na kierunku natarcia kompanii znalaz艂a si臋 ameryka艅ska 1. Dywizja Piechoty. Trudne warunki terenowe powodowa艂y cz臋ste awarie i mimo zniszczenia wielu czo艂g贸w przeciwnika z tego powodu stan liczbowy szybko mala艂. W ci膮gu trzech dni awarie wyeliminowa艂y 10 czo艂g贸w, kt贸re za艂ogi musia艂y zniszczy膰. Do ko艅cowego etapu walk o Palermo dotrwa艂y trzy Tygrysy, z kt贸rych tylko jeden zosta艂 ewakuowany na kontynent. 504. batalion walczy艂 p贸藕niej na terenie W艂och; 22 czerwca 1944 roku w walce z ameryka艅skimi Shermanami jeden Tygrys zniszczy艂 ich a偶 12, a 11 pozosta艂ych porzuci艂y za艂ogi[6].
Normandia
Osobny artyku艂: Operacja Overlord.
Uszkodzony PzKpfw VI Tiger, kt贸remu uda艂o si臋 wcze艣niej zniszczy膰 ameryka艅ski czo艂g M26 Pershing, zdj臋cie wykonano 26 lutego 1945 roku
Po alianckim desancie Niemcy potrzebowali kilku dni na przerzucenie czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich w rejon walk. 12 czerwca 1944 roku jako pierwszy pojawi艂 si臋 tam 101. batalion czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich Waffen-SS. W rejonie miejscowo艣ci Villers-Bocage dosz艂o do brawurowej akcji w wykonaniu asa broni pancernej Michaela Wittmanna. Dotar艂 on tam z sze艣cioma czo艂gami 2. kompanii, poniewa偶 reszt臋 pojazd贸w unieruchomi艂y uszkodzenia zadane przez alianckie lotnictwo. Wittmann najpierw zaatakowa艂 sam, a potem wezwa艂 na pomoc dwa inne Tygrysy. W efekcie zniszczono 25 brytyjskich czo艂g贸w i wiele pojazd贸w. Czo艂g asa zosta艂 uszkodzony i za艂oga musia艂a go zniszczy膰. 8 sierpnia, wkr贸tce po tym jak rozpocz臋艂a si臋 aliancka operacja “Totalize”, dow贸dca 12. Dywizji Pancernej SS “Hitlerjugend” gen. Kurt Meyer, rozkaza艂 przeprowadzi膰 kontratak w celu odbicia taktycznie wa偶nego wzg贸rza w rejonie miejscowo艣ci Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil, kt贸re zosta艂o zdobyte przez kanadyjsko-brytyjskie wojska kilka godzin wcze艣niej. Pozycje alianckie zosta艂y zaatakowane przez czo艂g Wittmanna i trzy inne Tygrysy. W rejonie Cramesnil formacja niemieckich czo艂g贸w zosta艂a zaskoczona przez si艂y brytyjsko-kanadyjskie i trzy Tygrysy atakuj膮ce wsp贸lnie z Wittmannem zosta艂y zniszczone przez M4 Shermana z brytyjskiej jednostki Northamptonshire Yeomanry. Wkr贸tce potem czo艂g Wittmanna zosta艂 zniszczony z ruin zamku w Gaumensil, po艂o偶onego na zach贸d od Cramesnil, przez Shermana z kanadyjskiej jednostki Sherbrooke Fusiliers Regiment. 101. batalion, kt贸rym w momencie 艣mierci dowodzi艂 Wittmann, do ko艅ca lipca zosta艂 pozbawiony 15 Tygrys贸w, a z 21 pojazd贸w, kt贸re wyruszy艂y do akcji 7 sierpnia, stracono wszystkie do ko艅ca miesi膮ca[6].
Nast臋pnie w Normandii pojawi艂 si臋 102. batalion czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich Waffen-SS, kt贸ry znalaz艂 si臋 na froncie 7 lipca. Trzy dni p贸藕niej bra艂 udzia艂 w walkach pod Caen o wzg贸rze 112, gdzie zniszczy艂 15 alianckich czo艂g贸w, trac膮c dwa w艂asne. 20 lipca z 42 Tygrys贸w batalionu tylko 17 nadawa艂o si臋 do walk, ale w ko艅cu miesi膮ca liczb臋 te zwi臋kszono do 30. W bitwie pod Falaise wzi臋艂o udzia艂 21 czo艂g贸w batalionu, kt贸re mi臋dzy 10 a 20 sierpnia zg艂osi艂y zniszczenie 227 czo艂g贸w alianckich. Do 7 wrze艣nia wszystkie Tygrysy batalionu uleg艂y zniszczeniu[6].
Ostatni w Normandii pojawi艂 si臋 503. batalion czo艂g贸w ci臋偶kich wyposa偶ony w 33 Tygrysy I i 12 Tygrys贸w II. Do walki w艂膮czy艂y si臋 11 lipca pod Caen, gdzie skutecznie powstrzymywa艂y brytyjskie czo艂gi. Do ko艅ca sierpnia batalion utraci艂 wszystkie Tygrysy I[6].
The Pz.Kpfw. VI Tiger is a German tier 7 heavy tank.
Development of the Tiger I was started in 1937 by the Henschel company. Mass production began in 1942, with an eventual total of 1354 vehicles manufactured. The tank first saw combat in the fighting for Leningrad, and Tigers were at the forefront of battles from Tunisia to Kursk. Although production was discontinued in the summer of 1944, the Tiger I continued to see action until the end of the war.
This was the first German heavy tank in WWII and proved itself to be extremely formidable against the Allied forces, composed primarily of M4 Shermans and T-34s. In the game you’ll face much higher tier opponents. This tank was designed as a sniper. Keep that in mind and make use of its great rate of fire and renowned German-engineered accuracy. Spot your enemy, avoid close combat, hit your target, relocate, and hit them again. Snipe the enemy and support your team.
The Pz.Kpfw. VI Tiger leads to the Pz.Kpfw. Tiger II.
Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E

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