The Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut (Russian: Су-47 Беркут - Golden Eagle) (NATO reporting name Firkin), also designated S-32 and S-37 during initial development, is an experimental supersonic jet fighter developed by Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. A distinguishing feature of the aircraft is its forward-swept wing, similar to that of the Tsybin's LL-3.[1]. The sole aircraft produced is an advanced technology demonstrator prototype and manufacture of a planned second flying prototype is under question due to recent MIG developments of 5th generation Jet fighters.
| Su-47 Berkut | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Role | Technology Demonstrator |
| Manufacturer | Sukhoi |
| First flight | 25 September 1997 |
| Introduced | January 2000 |
| Status | Experimental |
| Primary user | Russian Air Force |
| Number built | 1 |
Development
Originally known as the S-37, Sukhoi redesignated its advanced test aircraft as the Su-47 in 2002. Officially nicknamed Berkut (Golden Eagle), the Su-47 was originally built as Russia's principal testbed for composite materials and sophisticated fly-by-wire control systems. The aircraft makes use of forward-swept wings allowing superb maneuverability and operation at angles of attack up to 45° or more.
TsAGI has long been aware of the advantages of forward-swept wings, with research including the development of the Tsibin LL and study of the captured Junkers Ju 287 in the 1940s. Forward-swept wings yield a higher maximum lift coefficient, reduced bending moments, and delayed stall when compared to more traditional wing shapes. At high angles of attack, the wing tips remain unstalled allowing the aircraft to retain aileron control. Unfortunately, forward sweep also induces twisting (divergence) strong enough to rip the wings off an aircraft built of conventional materials. Only recently have composite materials made the design of aircraft with forward-swept wings feasible.
The project was launched in 1983 on order from the Soviet Air Force. But when the USSR dissolved, funding was frozen and development continued only through funding by Sukhoi. Like its US counterpart, the Grumman X-29, the Su-47 is primarily a technology demonstrator for future Russian fighters. However, Sukhoi is now attempting to market the Su-47 to the Russian military and foreign customers as a production fighter in its own right.[citation needed]
Design
The Su-47 is of similar dimensions to previous large Sukhoi fighters, such as the Su-35. To reduce development costs, the Su-47 borrowed the forward fuselage, vertical tails, and landing gear of the Su-27 family. Nonetheless, the aircraft includes reduced radar signature features (including radar absorbent materials),[citation needed] an internal weapons bay, and space set aside for an advanced radar. Though similar in overall concept to the American X-29 research aircraft of the 1980s, the Su-47 is about twice the size and far closer to an actual combat aircraft than the US design.
To solve the problem of wing-twisting, the Su-47 makes use of composite materials carefully tailored to resist twisting while still allowing the wing to bend for improved aerodynamic behavior. Due to its comparatively large wingspan the Su-47 is to be equipped with folding wings in order to fit inside Russian hangars.
Like its immediate predecessor, the Su-37, the Su-47 is of tandem-triplane layout, with canards ahead of wings and tailplanes. Interestingly, the Su-47 has two tailbooms of unequal length outboard of the exhaust nozzles. The shorter boom, on the left-hand side, houses rear-facing radar, while the longer boom houses a brake parachute.
[edit] Maneuverability
The Su-47 has extremely high agility at subsonic speeds, enabling the aircraft to alter its angle of attack and its flight path very quickly while retaining maneuverability in supersonic flight. The Su-47 has a maximum speed of Mach 1.6 at high altitudes and a 9g capability.[1]
Maximum turn rates, and the upper and lower limits on airspeed for weapon launch, are important criteria in terms of combat superiority. The Su-47 aircraft has very high levels of maneuverability with maintained stability and controllability at extreme angles of attack. Maximum turn rates are important in close combat and also at medium and long range, when the mission may involve engaging consecutive targets in different sectors of the airspace. A high turn rate of the Su-47 allows the pilot to turn the fighter aircraft quickly towards the next target to initiate the weapon launch. Like most other fighters with fly by wire controls, the Su-47 achieves some of its high maneuverability through relaxed stability[citation needed].
The swept-forward wing, compared to a swept-back wing of the same area, provides a number of advantages:
- higher lift-to-drag ratio
- higher capacity in dogfight maneuvers
- higher range at subsonic speed
- improved stall resistance and anti-spin characteristics
- improved stability at high angles of attack
- a lower minimum flight speed
- a shorter take-off and landing distance
Fuselage
The Su-47s fuselage is oval in cross section and the airframe is constructed mainly of aluminium and titanium alloys and 13% (by weight) of composite materials. The nose radome is slightly flattened at the fore section, and has a horizontal edge to optimise the aircraft's anti-spin characteristics.
Wings
The forward-swept midwing gives the unconventional (and characteristic) appearance of the Su-47, earning it the nickname of 'devil' and 'slingshot'. A substantial part of the lift generated by the forward-swept wing occurs at the inner portion of the wingspan. The lift is not restricted by wingtip stall. The ailerons - the wing's control surfaces - remain effective at the highest angles of attack, and controllability of the aircraft is retained even in the event of airflow separating from the remainder of the wings' surface.
The wing panels are constructed of nearly 90% composites. The forward-swept midwing has a high aspect ratio, which contributes to long-range performance. The leading-edge root extensions blend smoothly to the wing panels, which are fitted with deflectable slats on the leading edge; flaps and ailerons on the trailing edge. The all-moving and small-area trapezoidal canards are connected to the leading-edge root extensions.
The downside of such a wing design is that it produces strong rotational forces that try to twist the wings off, especially at high speeds. This twisting necessitates the use of a large amount of composites in order to increase the strength and durability of the wing. Despite this strengthening, the plane was initially limited to Mach 1.6. Recent engineering modifications have raised this limit, but the new limit has not been specified. Nevertheless, it is rumored that the Su-47 prototype recently suffered some manner of wing failure during testing[citation needed]. As a result, Western analysts speculate that Sukhoi engineers have restored the prototype to a conventional swept-wing layout.[citation needed] Apparently, the engineers reached the same conclusions with regard to the viability of a forward-swept layout as their counterparts at Grumman did twenty years ago with the X-29.[2] Therefore, it is likely that any derivative production aircraft based on Su-47 research will utilize a conventional wing layout.
Thrust vectoring
The thrust vectoring (with PFU engine modification) of ±20° at 30°/second in pitch and yaw will greatly support the agility gained by the forward-swept-wings.
Cockpit
The cockpit's design has focused on maintaining a high degree of comfort for the pilot and also on the pilot being able to control the aircraft in extremely high g-load manoeuvres. The aircraft is equipped with a new ejection seat and life support system. The variable geometry adaptive ejection seat is inclined at an angle of 60°, which reduces the impact of high g forces on the pilot. The seat allows dogfight and missile avoidance maneuvers with significantly higher g loadings than can normally be tolerable. The Su-47 pilot uses a side-mounted, low-travel control stick and a tensiometric throttle control. Pilots, however, claim that the cockpit gives them low visibility due to poor design. This reclined seating arrangement was first used in the F-16 Fighting Falcon but was determined to be of little value. However, it was replicated in the F-22A Raptor.
Operators
Specifications (Su-47)
A 4-View drawing can be seen here:[2]
Data from World Aircraft & Systems Directory
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 22.6 m (74 ft 2 in)
- Wingspan: 15.16 m to 16.7 m (49 ft 9 in to 54 ft 9 in)
- Height: 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in)
- Wing area: 61.87 m² (666 ft²)
- Empty weight: 16,375 kg (36,100 lbs)
- Loaded weight: 25,000 kg (55,115 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 35,000 kg (77,162 lbs)
- Powerplant: 2× Lyulka AL-37FU(planned) Flying prototypes used 2 Aviadvigatel D-30F6 afterburning, thrust-vectoring (in PFU modification) turbofans with digital control
- Dry thrust: 83.4 kN (18,700 lbf) each
- Thrust with afterburner: 142.2 kN (32,000 lbf) each
- Thrust vectoring: ±20° at 30° per second in pitch and yaw
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 1.6 (Achieved in test flights [3]) (1,717 km/h, 1,066 mph),projected 2710 km/h
* At sea level: Mach 1.14 (1,400 km/h, 870 mph[1]) - Cruise speed: projected 1,800 km/h on dry thrust, 2650 km/h on full thrust
- Range: 3,300 km (2,050 mi)
- Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,050 ft)
- Rate of climb: 233 m/s (46,200 ft/min)
- Wing loading: 360 kg/m² (79.4 lb/ft²)
- Thrust/weight: 1.18 when fully loaded,1.15 when empty
Armament
Number of hardpoints: 14: 2 wingtip, 6-8 under wing, 6-4 conformal under fuselage
- Guns: 1 × 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannon with 150 rounds
- Missiles: 14 hardpoints (2 wingtip, 6-8 underwing, 4-6 conformal under the fuselage)
See also
Comparable aircraft
![[2]](http://fc09.deviantart.net/fs49/f/2009/236/d/b/Sukhoi_Su_47_Berkut_by_bagera3005.png){kind=link}
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